1 Flashcards
which trees leaf earliest?
willow, maple.
which trees leaf out last?
sycamore , black cherry, black locust.
which trees have simple, lobed leaves?
MOST : Maple, Oak, Sycamore, Tulip tree. ( also, Sassafras)
which trees smell of wintergreen?
Yellow birch and Black birch. ̚ 𐡛
how do fir needles and spruce needles compare?
FIR: blunt tip, underside is pale.
SPRUCE: square cross-section, sharp tip, on pegs. (Square, Sharp, Stand on pegs)
what distinguishes Grey Birch?
Black triangles on trunk.
chalky bark, non-peeling.
Birches are pioneer trees.
which conifers have upright cones?
FLaC: Fir, Larch, Cedar.
which conifers have pendant cones?
SHeD: Spruce, Hemlock, Doug Fir.
which genera are in the Pine family?
Pine. Pinus
True Cedar. Cedrus
Larch. Larix.
Hemlock. Tsuga.
Spruce. Picea
Douglas Fir. Pseudotsuga
Fir. Abies.
which Pine family genera have clustered needles?
Pine, Cedar, Larch.
which is the dominant conifer in the N American taiga?
Spruce.
which conifer is a pioneer?
White Pine.
what tree is this leaf from?
Tulip tree.
what tree is this from, and what is the leaf morphology?
White Ash.
the leaves are compound (made of multiple leaflets) and pinnate (leaflets arising on either side of the rachis).
How do you distinguish a simple leaf from a compound one? that is, how is a leaf and a leaflet different?
A simple leaf attaches directly to the twig and is undivided. A compound leaf is divided into several leaflets coming off a common axis (stem) or all originating at a single point. Sometimes it may be difficult to decide which it is. Look at the lateral buds, found at the base of the leaf, where the leaf petiole (stem) meets the branch. A simple leaf will have a bud at the base of each leaf. A compound leaf will have a bud at the base of each overall leaf but not at the base of each leaflet. (Ehrenreich )
which CT trees have compound, pinnate leaves?
Ash. Boxelder. Hickory. Butternut. Black walnut. Ailanthus. Black locust. Sumac.
LAWS? BAH! (Black Locust, White Ash, Black Walnut, Sumac, Butternut, Ailanthus, Hickory).
More simply: Ash, Walnut, Hickory, Locust, Ailanthus.
which two genera are in the Walnut family?
Walnut and Hickory.
what tree?
Ash.
what tree?
box elder.
which tree?
black walnut.
which tree types are most difficult to distinguish based on leaf characteristics only?
which other leaf features should be examined?
those trees with simple, alternately arranged, unlobed leaves. besides leaf shape, examine the leaf edges.
Which four broadleaf trees often retain dead foliage in winter?
oak. beech. Hophornbeam. Hornbeam.
How do Red Maple and Sugar Maple bark differ?
As a general rule, if you try to peel the bark of a red maple, you will find it comes off easily, but sugar maple bark is rigid and does not come off, even if it looks like it is peeling (Figure 3.2). Bull’s-eyes sometimes appear in red maple bark but never in sugar maples. (Mikolas)
What are two key growth features of Beech?
They can grow in a shaded wood until eventually they begin shading out other species themselves, resulting in what is called a “climax forest”—a forest that will remain as is until some outside force, such as storms, fire, or logging, destroys it.
Beech can reproduce via shoots arising from roots. Hence, beech often are found in clusters sharing one root system.
What tree?
Beech.
What growing conditions does Ash prefer?
Full sunlight on dry, deep soil.
What tree? What is happening?
Ash. In early spring, conspicuous purple flowers form.
Which one is Ash, which Maple?
Ash on left, Maple on right.
Ash branches and twigs are heavier and shorter. Maple is slender and longer.
What tree?
Aspen. Two-tone bark. Needs full sun, so often found along roadsides, in fields, etc.
Aspen grows via root shoots, so occur in colonies.
What effect does acid rain have on plant growth?
Initially the acdity increases nitrogen availability, so enhances growth in some plants. Later, the acid leaches cations and leads to chlorosis and plant damage.
What is the main mechanism by which plants improve air quality?
Removal of particulates.
The windbreak effect slows down air flows, allowing heavier particles to drop out. Particles also adsorb onto leaf surfaces.
Airborne particulates strongly influence the formation of rain droplets.
Where is Earth’s oxygen formed?
70-90% is from oceanic photosynthesis, the rest from land plants (note this is in line with the relative area of ocean and land).
Which tree?
Chestnut oak.
Which tree?
Black tupelo.
Which tree has fiddle-shaped leaves?
burr oak.
Which tree?
Beech.
What family does the tulip tree belong to?
Magnolia. This is an ancient/primative family.
Although it is sometimes called “yellow poplar” it is unrelated to poplars.
What are the two most common trees in the Legume family?
Black Locust and Redbud.
These have the ability to fix nitrogen.
The wood of which North American tree is hardest and has the heat content of anthracite?
Black Locust, Robinia Pseudoacacia .
Poison ivy has ____leaflets, Virginia Creeper has _____.
3,5.
Name the six invasive and problematic vines in CT.
Oriental bittersweet.
Porcelain berry.
English ivy.
Poison ivy.
Virginia creeper.
Chinese and Japanese wisterias.
Which tree?
Ailanthus, aka tree of heaven.
Which two trees have an asymmetrical leaf base?
Elm and Basswood.
Name the two most common evergreen angiosperms.
Holly and Rhododendron.
What tree?
Ginkgo.
When did vascular plants first appear?
Silurian period, 400mya.
This is the flower of which tree?
Red Maple.
How do maple leaves produce their autumnal red color?
As deciduous leaves die, especially maple leaves, sugar that the tree hasn’t yet reabsorbed from its leaves turns gradually into bright-red anthocyanins. This requires an autumn typical of the region: crisp, frosty nights to slow the sugar’s journey out of the leaves, followed by sunny, warm days to allow anthocyanins to be produced. (drori)
Other trees have anthocyanins, maples simply more.
Which tree?
Dogwood.
Which tree?
Redbud.
Which trees retain catkins after leaves have fallen?
Birches (p. 90) and Hophornbeams (p. 110) retain their now-brown or reddish-brown catkins in fall and winter after the leaves have fallen off. (Ehrenreich)
Which tree?
Black walnut.
Which trees have single-winged samaras?
Ashes.
Ailanthus also has single samaras, but these occur in clusters.
Which trees have double samaras?
Maples.
Which trees have oval samaras?
Elms.
Which two local trees have seeds in pods?
Black locust and redbud.
Which tree has buds like this?
Beech.
Which two tree species have thorns?
Black Locust and Hawthorn.
Which pine has needles in threes?
Pitch pine.
3–5” long, sharply pointed, stiff needles, in clusters of three. (Mnemonic: “Pitch”— “Three strikes you’re out”).
What habitat does pitch pine prefer?
Dry, sandy soils. Pitch pine is shade intolerant.
Which pine has needles in twos?
Red pine (aka Norway Pine).
Red Pine is listed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP) as being “endangered.” Comments: The name “Norway Pine” refers to the Maine village of Norway, not the country. Ehrenreich
How do fir and hemlock needles differ?
Fir needles are 0.5”–1.0” long, dark, rich green, flattened. Sides of needles are almost parallel for entire length and tips may be notched or rounded or flat. (Hemlock needles, with which they might be confused, are wider at base and taper to rounded top). Two greenish white bands made up of tiny dots (lenticels) are on lower surface. Needles near middle of twig are longest. On upper branches, needles are arranged all around the stem; on lower branches they may be arranged more or less horizontally on opposite sides of the stem, giving a flattened overall appearance.
What odor do fir needles have? What about spruce?
Fir is sweet smelling, spruce is peppery.
If there are many cones on the ground beneath a tree that is either a fir or a spruce, which is it?
Spruce. Fir cones rarely fall off.
What are the main genera in the Cypress Family?
Cypress.
Juniper. (Includes Eastern Redcedar)
Arborvitae. (Aka Northern Whitecedar, Thuja occidentalis)
Cryptomeria.
Baldcypress.
Dawn redwood.
Redwood.
Sequoia.
What tree?
Striped Maple. Three-lobed goosefoot shape.
Which Maple has bark that looks like Ash?
Norway Maple.
How do the samaras of Sugar Maple, Red Maple, and Norway Maple compare?
Sugar Maple samaras are U shaped, Red Maple V shaped, Norway are nearly straight.
In the pagan calendar, which key day follows the winter solstice (aka Yule or Midwinter)?
Imbolc, or Candlemas.
The cross-quarter day following Midwinter falls on the first of February and traditionally marks the first stirrings of spring. It aligns with the contemporary observance of Groundhog Day. It is time for purification and spring cleaning in anticipation of the year’s new life. In Rome, it was historically a shepherd’s holiday, while the Celts associated it with the onset of ewes’ lactation, prior to birthing the spring lambs.
Which cross-quarter day follows the spring equinox?
Beltane (May Eve).
Traditionally the first day of summer in Ireland, in Rome the earliest celebrations appeared in pre-Christian times with the festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, and the Walpurgisnacht celebrations of the Germanic countries.
Since the Christianisation of Europe, a more secular version of the festival has continued in Europe and America, commonly referred to as May Day. In this form, it is well known for maypole dancing and the crowning of the Queen of the May.
Which cross-quarter day follows the summer solstice?
Lammas Day. Approx. Aug. 1.
The name Lammas (contraction of loaf mass) implies it is an agrarian-based festival and feast of thanksgiving for grain and bread, which symbolises the first fruits of the harvest.
Which cross-quarter day follows the autumnal equinox?
Samhain.
Aligned with the contemporary observance of Halloween and Day of the Dead, in some traditions the spirits of the departed are invited to attend the festivities. It is seen as a festival of darkness, which is balanced at the opposite point of the Wheel by the festival of Beltane, which is celebrated as a festival of light and fertility.
What is the shape of Pin Oak?
This canopy is considered one of the most distinctive features of the pin oak: the upper branches point upwards, the middle branches are at right angles to the trunk, and the lower branches droop downwards. Wikipedia.
What is the lifespan of the Pin Oak?
In its natural environment pin oak is a relatively short-lived, fast-growing pioneer or riparian species with a lifespan of approximately 120 years against many oaks which can live several centuries. Despite this there are many examples of pin oak that exceed this lifespan. It develops a shallow, fibrous root system, unlike many oaks, which have a strong, deep taproot when young. Wikipedia
Which tree?
Chinese elm. (In Rec Center parking lot)
Which tree?
Chestnut oak.
Chestnut oak has the heaviest bark among the oaks.
Which tree?
Chestnut oak.
Chestnut oak has the heaviest bark among the oaks.
