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Question 1

What type of membrane does the chloroplast have

Answer 1

Double membrane

Question 2

What structure links the grana

Answer 2

Lamellae

Question 3

What is found within the stroma

Answer 3

Starch and enzymes

Question 4

Where does the light dependant stage of photosynthesis take place

Answer 4

In the thylakoid membrane

Question 5

Where does the light independent stage take place

Answer 5

Stroma

Question 6

What structural features of thylakoids increase rate of photosynthesis

Answer 6

Arranged in stacks called grana which increase surface area to maximise absorption of light

Question 7

What is found within the inner chloroplast

Answer 7

Many membrane bound electron transport proteins to control the passage of substances in and out

Question 8

Describe outer chloroplast membrane

Answer 8

Permeable to small molecules such as water and oxygen

Question 9

What is a thylakoids disc

Answer 9

A system of interconnected, flatted fluid filled sac with proteins embedded in the membrane

Question 10

What is the function of the starch grain

Answer 10

Stores the product of photosynthesis

Question 11

Describe the stroma

Answer 11

Gel like fluid outside the thylakoids and contains enzymes and sugar and other molecules needed for the light independent stage

Question 12

Why do thylakoids have large surface area

Answer 12

To absorb as much light energy as possible

Question 13

What is the function of the stroma

Answer 13

Fluid filled matrix in the chloroplast which contains enzymes used for the light independent stage

Question 14

What is the function of the thylakoids space

Answer 14

Contains photosynthetic pigments and enzymes needed for light dependant reaction

Question 15

Why are lots of ATP Synthase enzymes present in the thylakoids membranes

Answer 15

To produce ATP in the light dependant reaction

Question 16

What is a photosynthetic pigment

Answer 16

Molecules that absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis

Question 17

Where are photosynthetic pigments found

Answer 17

In the thylakoids membrane

Question 18

How are photosynthetic pigments arranged

Answer 18

Into photosystems

Question 19

What is the main photosynthetic pigments

Answer 19

Chlorophyll A

Question 20

Why do photosystems contain accessory pigments

Answer 20

To absorb different wavelengths of light and maximise the amount of light captured

Question 21

Why does chlorophyll appear green

Answer 21

Because it absorbs light at two wavelengths 430nm and 662nm and reflects green light

Question 22

Why is it important to use an organic solvent and not a polar one

Answer 22

A polar solvent could compete with the dissolved molecules for space on the stationary phase and could cause them to move further away resulting in an inaccurate Rf value

Question 23

Why is it important to mark in pencil rather than pen

Answer 23

Ink can dissolve in the solvent and move up the stationary phase and the colours could affect the results, furthermore there would be no start line to measure the Rf value

Question 24

Why is it important that the spit of plant extract is above the surface of the solvent when the chromatography plate is placed in the vial

Answer 24

To ensure the pigments are carried up by the solvent and don’t dissolve into the solvent

Question 25

Why is repeated application of the plant extract onto the same spot required

Answer 25

To increase the concentration of the pigment

Question 26

Why is it important that the chromatogram is stopped before the solvent reaches the top

Answer 26

So the distance travelled can be identified and drawn which are needed to calculate Rf value

Question 27

Why is it important to mark the solvent front quickly

Answer 27

The solvent is volatile and will evaporate quickly, once it is dry it cannot be seen

Question 28

Why is it useful to mark the postitions of the pigment spots or take photograph of the chromatogram zoom after the run

Answer 28

Light can cause them to fade