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1 Flashcards

1
Q

Preflight - what 6 things do pilots require?

A

Licence and ratings with photo ID
Medical cert or declaration valid
90 day rule if carrying PAX
Current to fly under club or school rules
Fit to fly
PAX brief

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2
Q

Preflight - what 6 things does the AC require?

A

Cert of airworthiness or permit to fly supported by airworthiness cert or cert of validity
Equipment (incl. survival, are serviceable)
Fuel and oil
M&B
Insurance
Pre inspection

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3
Q

Preflight - what is required as part of pre planning?

A

NOTAMs
Wx conditions
Charts
Moving map(s)
Destination and alternate AD
PPR/GAFOR/Special branch/Border Force
Overnight wx if land away
Flight plan if international flight

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4
Q

What is an AIP?

A

Aeronautical information publication issued every 28 days.
Contains information regarding permanent air navigation changes. Found on NATs website for UK

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5
Q

What is a SUP?

A

Air Supplements containing temporary changes to AIP which is of long duration.
Found on NATS website

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6
Q

What is an AIC?

A

Aeronautical information circular - contains information of administrative nature (& not operational) relating to safety, nav, technical, admin and legal matters.

White (W) paper - administrative
Yellow (Y) - operational incl. ATS facilities & requirements
Pink (P) - Safety
Mauve (M) - UK restrictions incl. temp restrictions
Green (G) - maps and charts

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7
Q

When can a PIC over-ride a rule?

A

When it relates to safety and you have justification to do so.

I.e. there is a reason to over ride the rule as by doing so is more safe than not doing so.

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8
Q

Min age PPL?

A

14yrs

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9
Q

Min age fly solo, PPL?

A

16yrs

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10
Q

Min age apply PPL?

A

17yrs

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11
Q

What must the student require when flying solo?

A

Authorised and supervised by an FI

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12
Q

Night rating requirements?

A

min 5hrs at night incl.
3hrs dual
1hr xc nav
1xQXC 27nm (50km) supervised SPIC or solo and
5xsolo TOs and 5x full stop LDGs

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13
Q

Exam subjects for PPL?

A

9
Air Law, AGK, POF, OP, Met, Comms, FP&Perf, Nav, HPL.

No pre requirements before sitting PPL theory exams. You have 18mths and total 6 sittings to pass all 9 exams. Date starts end of the month of 1st exam taken. Each exam max attempt 4.
Each exam 12-16 Qs lasting between 20-50mins.

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14
Q

How long are the PPL exams?

A

Between 12-16 Qs and vary between 20-50mins. The pass mark is 75% and there are no penalty marks.

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15
Q

How long do you have to pass all the PPL exams?

A

18mths from date of first exam sitting, but max 4 attempts each subject.

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16
Q

How long after the final PPL theory exam must you sit the PPL skills test?

A

24mths from date of last sat (and passed) exam.

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17
Q

How many attempts do you have to pass each exam?

A

You have 4 attempts to pass each subject within 6 sittings.

All TK exams must be completed before the LST can be undertaken and the student shall be recommended to test by the ATO/DTO/person responsible for the student’s training. All training records must be made available to the examiner.

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18
Q

Min training/flying hrs for a PPL?

A

45hrs - to include 35hrs dual and 10hrs solo
incl. min 5hrs solo XC nav and 1x QXC of 150nm (270km) with 2 full stop LDGs at 2 AD diff from AD of dept.

An applicant with a CPL shall be credited with the TK and flight times if completed credits in same category AC at a higher std than a PPL.

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19
Q

Recording of flight time?

A

Pilot shall keep reliable record of the details of all flights flown in a form and manner i.e. a logbook - paper or digital - as est. by competent authority.

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20
Q

What are the requirements to use RT?

A

Pilots may not exercise the privileges of RT unless they have a language proficiency endorsement level and validity date.

in UK must have a FROTL (Flight Radiotelephony Operator’s licence) to use radio equipment. And cannot be issued without a valid language proficiency endorsement.

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21
Q

How many language proficiency levels are there and the valid dates?

A

There are 6 levels. 4 and 5 must be retested regularly. 6 is for life unless you are ATCO which then you will be retested.

4 tested every 4yrs from date of assessment
5 tested every 6yrs from date of assessment

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22
Q

The practical LST prerequisite requirement for LAPL?

A

9, same as PPL(A) syllbus however 1 exam covering 120Qs.
For the subject comms, practical classroom test maybe conducted.

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23
Q

Privileges of a LAPL(A)?

A

PIC on SEP(L) or TMG weighing <2000kg and carrying max 4 POB.

Can only carry PAX after completing 10hrs PIC.

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24
Q

Requirements for LAPL(A) issue?

A

30hrs instruction incl.
15hrs dual, 6hrs solo, 3hrs solo XC and 1x QXC 80nm (150km) with 1 full stop LDG at diff AD from dept.

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25
Q

Privileges of PPL(A)

A

Act as PIC or co pilot without remuneration on airships engaged in non commercial ops.

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26
Q

What is Skyway code?

A

AKA CAP1535 - CAA approved guide for private pilots. Contains important information from the ANO 2016 and Part FCL.

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27
Q

What is the ANO 2016

A

Air Navigation Order 2016 - Safety regulations in the UK and is enforced by the CAA.
CAP393

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28
Q

What is CAP413?

A

RT

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29
Q

What is Annex II AC?

A

AKA non part 21 - they refer to non EU AC. Non part 21 AC are usually permit to fly and governed by LAA.

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30
Q

What is Doc 7600?

A

Rules of procedure of the Assembly of ICAO.

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31
Q

When was ICAO created?

A

Wright Bros - then need to have std rules as aviation grew e.g. licensing, design, air traffic service, Nav, AD etc rules. As this happened ICAO was born in Chicago Convention 1944

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32
Q

How is ICAO organised (infrastructure)?

A

ICAO - Assembly - Council - ANC

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33
Q

What is the Assembly?

A

Assembly is ICAO’s soverign body and meets at least once every 3yrs. It sets the rules (DOC 7600), sorted into annexes. e.g. Annex 1: licences. Annex 13: Dangerous Goods.

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34
Q

What is the Council?

A

The Council is the permanent body of ICAO and is responsible to the Assembly. It consists of 36 member states elected by the Assembly.

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35
Q

What is the ICAO ANC?

A

Sits under Assembly and Council, the Air Navigation Commission puts forward SARPs for approval and adoption to the Council.

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36
Q

What is Part NCO?

A

Refers to non commercial and flight training ops AC that are ‘other than complex motor powered’ part 21 AC.

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37
Q

What is a complex motor powered part 21 AC?

A

> MTOW 5700Kg, >19PAX, >2 crew, equip min 1x turbo prop eng.

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38
Q

Min reserve fuel allowances?

A

If within sight of AD & returning to that AD, 10mins reserve.
Day - 30mins
Night - 45mins

39
Q

What is the F214?

A

MET winds ALOFT forecast

40
Q

What is the F215?

A

MET - significant wx forecast

41
Q

What is basic regs 216/2008

A

basic regulations implemented by EASA e.g. SERA, part FCL, Part NCO etc.
UK now have UK SERA.

42
Q

How often does an FI licence need to be revalidated before expiration, and requirements for revalidation?

A

3yrs. To revalidation, 2 of 3:
1. Instruct 50hrs in appropriate AC category within the FI cert validity.
2. Attend instructor refresher (seminar) training within 12mths of FI cert expiry.
3. Pass a competence assessment refer FCL935. - A test of competence must be sat/passed 1st revalidation, then subsequently every 2nd round of revalidations. So in yr 9 for a newbs.

43
Q

What if the FI licence has lapsed?

A

Must sit both a refresher seminar and assessment of competence.

44
Q

How to unrestrict the FI licence?

A

Completed 100hrs of flight instruction and sign >25 solos, which cannot include 1st solo nor 1st solo nav.

45
Q

What are the privileges of FI?

A

Teach for issue, reval or renewal the aircraft in which they are certified class.
UK only - can sign 2yearly revalidations under FCL945 CAA

46
Q

What is a min radius turn?

A

low speed + F2 - used if trapped in valley where mountains surround and need to do tight turn to get out

47
Q

Max rate turn?

A

Flown at the buffet spd - flying lowest speed with the highest rate of turn.
Used for terrain avoidance.

48
Q

What are the responsibilities of a PIC?

A
  1. Define duties for each crew
  2. Safety of AC from initiation to disembarkation.
  3. During AC operations, ensure safety of all crew, PAX + cargo
49
Q

What are the types of personalities?

A

HPL - intro vs extro. Unstable vs stable. Aggressive vs passive.
Think the arousal graph. Too much not great, not enough person is bored.

50
Q

What is planform?

A

Viewing something from above.

51
Q

What is profile view?

A

Viewing something from the side

52
Q

What are rods?

A

Rods work at low light levels hence better at night, tho require up to 30mins to adapt. Doesn’t help with colour.

53
Q

What are cones?

A

Cones require a lot more light and used to see colour. We have 3 types of cones blue, green and red.

54
Q

Summarise the eye.

A

At front of eye have cornea, pupil and lens which projects light onto the back of the eye. The eye is also thinly lined with retina which is where the photoreceptors (rods and cones) are.
There is a spot called blindspot at the back of the eye where no light enters this area. This is important as this blindspot is just before the optic nerve which carries images to the brain.

55
Q

Specific fuel conversion and what affects SFC?

A

Avgas 0.72x 1kg of water.
SFC varies with throttle setting thus altitude and climate (temp) affect SFC.

56
Q

Basics of the inner ear?

A

Aka the eustachian tube, is a small passageway that connects your inner ear to your throat. Every time you sneeze, swallow or yawn the Eustachian tubes open allowing your middle ear to equalise the pressure inside your ear to ambient outside pressure. So if blocked (cold, flu etc) your ear’s px cannot equalise and becomes v. painful if flying.

57
Q

What senses movement in the ear?

A

At the base of the canals in the inner ear, there are utricle and saccule (semi circular canals) which have really sensitive hair cells that sense motion.

Motion sickness occurs where the brain receives conflicting data from the eyes and ears regarding movement.

58
Q

What is stress?

A

A conflict. So a person feels stress when they are conflicted. An AC wing is stressed from conflicting aerodynamic pxs.

59
Q

What is arousal?

A

An arousal is the result of some kind of stress and it is the adrenaline in the human that drives a response e.g. panic or trained response. Arousal is important in aviation as it can cause panic, e.g. SSR messed up causing secondary stall. Aviation terms this kind of arousal aka startle effect.

60
Q

What are limitations to memory?

A

Ave person remembers 7-15 items when calm. Can only process information along one channel - so not great ‘multi taskers’. Therefore HP best when short chunks of information given at any one time. This is why in teaching breaking things in management pieces when learning is the best method. And that ATC instructions are broken into smaller chunks.

61
Q

HPL of balance?

A

Balance is achieved via information from the inner ears, eyes, the muscles and joints in your leg and spine to. HPL to this is that, the sensors (semi circular canals) in the ears can become accustomed to a certain condition. E.g. driving along a motorway at 70mph for a long period of time and then coming off it and driving along at 40mph. Now 40mph seems like a very slow speed as body has accustomed to 70mph.

62
Q

CO poisoning, explain what’s happening and the symptoms.

A

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas to humans. When this is occurring the oxygen in your red blood cells is being replaced with carbon monoxide hence starving your body of oxygen.

For pilots the risk is where CO from the engine is leaking into the cockpit. The symptoms has been described as flu-like where you may experience, dull headache, weakness, dizzy, nauseous, short of breath, confusion, blurred vision, loss of consciousness.

63
Q

The difference between distress and urgent call?

A

Distress is a Mayday call alerting others of what PIC perceives as imminent danger.
Urgent is a PAN call where PIC determines a situation which may become distress if not actioned upon now.

64
Q

US Gal to litre conversion?

A

1 USG to 3.785 litres

65
Q

PA28 max litres/USG?

A

182 litres ~ 48USG (useable fuel) = 5-6hrs fuel
120 litres when at tabs = 4hrs fuel

66
Q

Where can I find requirements for NPPL?

A

Air Nav Order 2016
CAP393 schedule 8

67
Q

How is NPPL SSEA revalidated/self certification?

A

NPPL simple single engine aircraft valid for life subject to ongoing self certification.

  1. Within 24mths prior to expiry,
    A. Flown 12hrs total, 8hrs PIC
    B. Min 12 TO/LDGs
    C. Flown 1hr instructional. If this flight time not completed, rating endorsed as single seat only.

Or
2. At least 6hrs flight time in last 12mths

And if pilot holds more than 2 or 3 class ratings:
Can self revalidate using 1 or 2 above AND

  1. 1hr PIC on each class held or undertaken 1hr min flying training on each class held.
68
Q

Describe the PA28.

A

Is a single engine, semi monocoque, fixed gear all metal aircraft with semi tapered dihedral low wings, all moving stabilator with anti balance tab and horn balance. The flaps are mechanically operated and the landing gear is fixed with hydraulic brakes.
It’s has 160hp, max 2700RPM and a usable fuel capacity of 182litres (48USG).

69
Q

What is an anti balance tab?

A

An anti balance or anti servo tabs are the smaller control surfaces in the TE of the stabilator that moves in the same direction as the TE.

As a stabilator has a much larger area than elevators, it produces more powerful response to a control input. I.e. small stabilator movement = large aerodynamic force. So to prevent the pilot from moving the stabilator too far, or over controlling, an anti balance or anti servo is incorporated to the stability or to increase stick forces.

70
Q

What are strakes?

A

Small blade life devices mounted in AC - fuselage, engine etc to redirect air flow (and thus energy) to control surfaces to enhance aerodynamic capabilities.

71
Q

What’s a spade?

A

Found on aerobatic aircrafts, it deflects a spade under the wing and into the airflow to aid the lifting of ailerons. Affectionally named power steering, do not confuse with aerodynamic balances which are there to reduce turning moments primarily.

72
Q

What is a mass balance?

A

By placing a weight ahead of the hinge line, it brings COG of the control sfc to or fwd of the hinge line. This helps reduce flutter.
2types, horn balance and inset hinge.

73
Q

What is an aerodynamic balance?

A

Aerodynamic balances are used to reduce (or add) aerodynamic px, increasing/decreasing stick forces to aid the pilot to move the control sfc (or if adding stick forces, from over controlling).

Horn and inset hinge are both aerodynamic and mass balances.
Fixed tab, balance tab and servo tab are aerodynamic balances which reduce stick px.
Anti balance or anti servo tabs add stick force.

74
Q

What type of flaps are there?

A

Simple, split, slotted, Fowler.

Slotted when flaps used, a slot where high energy underneath wings flow thro the slot to the upper sfc to re-energies the air so it doesn’t break away so easily.

Fowler flaps move out and down to not only create a slot but also increases the camber and wing area to create even more lift.

75
Q

What are the LE flap devices?

A

Slat - part of aerofoil which extends outward to increase wing area and camber.

Slot - sfc extending out and down to create a slot. Some AC have fixed slots tho these are v, inefficient during cruise due to high drag generated.

76
Q

How do ailerons work and how is adverse yaw related?

A

When you bank, one aileron moves UP and the other DWN and changes the camber of each wing. The now different pxs on both wings cause the the AC to bank in the direction of the UP aileron, but the UP wing has less L, thus less D. DWN wing has more L, more D and now moving faster on the outboard hence creating adverse yaw.

To prevent adverse yaw either Frise or differential ailerons. Frise, is where UP aileron, a part of the LE protrudes in the under side of the wing to create D and reduce adverse yaw.

Differential is where UP aileron less UP than DWN aileron.

77
Q

What is stability?

A

Natural ability for the AC to return to its original state after a disturbance. Often trade off between stability and controllability.

78
Q

What is controllability?

A

Refers to ease with which the pilot can manoeuvre the AC using the ctr sfc

79
Q

Longitudinal stability?

A

Battle between COP + COG + moment arm to elevator.
More stable then with FwD COG.

80
Q

Lateral stability?

A

Dihedral or anhedral give an AC it’s lateral stability.

81
Q

Normal axis stability?

A

Given by vertical fin.

82
Q

How is AOA and COP related?

A

COP changes as AOA changes. The greater the AOA the more FWD COP moves until point of stall, where COP moves abruptly backwards causing the ‘drop’ from the sky. Unbalanced wings on stall is what causes the wing drop.

83
Q

What sections are in the POH?

A

GLEN - general, limitations, emergency, normal procedures.
PWD - perf, wgt, description and operation of AC and it’s systems.
HSO - handling, service and maintenance, supplementary and operational tips.

84
Q

What is valve overlap?

A

Refers to the inlet and exhaust valve in piston engine cylinder head. An overlap is created at the end of the exhaust stroke to help siphon out the exhaust gases.

85
Q

Rime ice?

A

Supercooled WDs, so already frozen in suspended animation in air, waiting for sfc to come along for them to stick on to. Found in sub zero temp.

86
Q

Hoar frost?

A

When moist air comes in contact with sub zero temps and freezes instantly, skipping the liquid processing stage.

87
Q

Basic service?

A

Advisory service giving information on AD, look up info for you, advise other traffic on their frequency. They are NOT radar service and so can not see other traffic and where they are. The info on other traffic is based upon what pilots report to them and can be inaccurate. TEM.

88
Q

Traffic service?

A

Basic and detailed information on other traffic nearby, radar service.

89
Q

Deconfliction service?

A

Detailed info including HDGs, speeds, what to steer.

Deconfliction minima 5nm lat and 3000ft vert. If traffic known to ATS unit, reduced minima to 3nm and 1000ft vertical.

90
Q

Procedural service?

A

Detailed information incl. lat, long, vert and time instructions for Deconfliction minima.

91
Q

Is ATZ 24hrs? Can you fly into it without permission?

A

Outside controlled airspace some ATZ are not 24hrs and so can check AIP for operating hrs. Outside operating hrs don’t need permission to enter however wise to call/blind call ATS to make sure. Just because they don’t answer doesn’t mean they’re not there.

92
Q

Fixed tab?

A

Found on aileron or rudder of a light single engine AC, they are small control surfaces which are ground adjusted (bent) to the desired position to correct any unwanted roll or yaw tendencies of the AC.

93
Q

Trim tabs?

A

Small sfcs connected to the TE of a larger control surface - aileron, rudder, elevator.
Trim tabs are used to reduced aerodynamic (stick) forces from the pilot to hold the AC in a specific attitude.

CiF (3 decks)

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