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Biological Psychology Test 1 > 1 > Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Information Messenger

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2
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites, Axon, and Soma/Cell Body

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA and controls hereditary aspects

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4
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Powerhouse (energy) of the cell
converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA molecules that contains genetic information

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Puts proteins together

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7
Q

What are the two types of neurons?

A

Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron

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8
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Transmits impulses from the spinal chord to skeletal and smooth muscle, and directly controls all of our muscle movements

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9
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Transmits impulses from a receptor (such as those in the eye or ear) to a more central location in the nervous system (such as the spinal chord or brain)

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10
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching fibers that receive neural signals

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11
Q

Can neurons have multiple dendrites?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Axon

A

Sends neural signals to other neurons, organs, or muscles

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13
Q

Do neurons have one axon or multiple?

A

One

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulation that goes over axon and protects neuron signal from stopping/playing out. Without this, fine motor skills and movability can be negatively affected.

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15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps found within myelinated axons that allow the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon

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16
Q

Presynaptic Terminal

A

Releases neurotransmitters once the neural signal comes through

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17
Q

Why do neurons vary in shapes and sizes?

A

The shape of a neuron determines its connection with other neurons and its contribution to the nervous system. The function is closely related to the shape of a neuron.

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18
Q

What happens in the resting potential?

A

The membrane maintains an electrical gradient known as polarization. When at rest, sodium leaves the cell while potassium enters. The inside of the membrane is slightly negative with respect to the outside.

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19
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

State of the neuron prior to the sending of a nerve impulse.

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20
Q

What happens in the action potential?

A

Resting potential turns into action when the neuron is stimulated.
This is a rapid depolarization of the neuron, where it exceeds the threshold of excitation.
Once this happens, the membrane (gate) of the cell opens, and sodium is let back into the cell.
The inside of the membrane is now positive.

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21
Q

What is the sequence of chemical events at a synapse?

A
  1. Neuron synthesizes chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters.
  2. Action potentials travel down the axon.
  3. Released molecules diffuse across the cleft, attach to receptors, and alter the activity of the postsynaptic neuron.
  4. Neurotransmitter molecules separate from their receptors.
  5. Neurotransmitters may be taken back into the presynaptic neuron for recycling or diffusing away.
  6. Some postsynaptic cells may send reverse messages to slow the release of further neurotransmitters by presynaptic cells.
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22
Q

Function of serotonin

A

Affects mood, sleep, hunger, and arousal

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23
Q

Problems caused by undersupply of serotonin

A

Undersupply linked to depression

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24
Q

Function of dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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25
Q

Problems caused by oversupply/undersupply of dopamine

A

Oversupply linked to schizophrenia
Undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in ADHD

26
Q

Function of acetycholine (ACh)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

27
Q

Problems caused by oversupply/undersupply of Acetycholine

A

ACh producing neurons deteriorate as Alzheimer’s disease progresses

28
Q

Function of norepinephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arrousal

29
Q

Problems caused by undersupply of norepinephrine

A

Undersupply can depress mood and cause ADHD-like attention problems

30
Q

Function of Gaba

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

31
Q

Problems caused by oversupply/undersupply of Gaba

A

Undersupply linked with seizures, tremors, and insomnia

32
Q

function of glutamate

A

a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in memory

33
Q

Problems caused by oversupply of glutamate

A

Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seiziures

34
Q

Function of endorphins

A

Natural painkiller

35
Q

Problems caused by undersupply of endorphins

A

Undersupply can cause abnormal pain levels

36
Q

Antagonist

A

Does the opposite of neurotransmitter

37
Q

Agonist

A

Does the same function/result of neurotransmitter

38
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Center of Pleasure, Release of dopamine; addiction if found in this part of the brain

39
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal chord; it takes in sensory information, processes information, and sends out motor signals

40
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Connects the brain and spinal chord to the rest of the body

41
Q

What are the two types of peripheral nervous system categories?

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

42
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system (ex. writing)

43
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls the heart, intestines, and other organs

44
Q

What two types of matter does the spinal chord consist of?

A

Gray matter and White matter

45
Q

Gray matter of the spinal chord

A

Located in the center of the spinal chord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

46
Q

White matter of the spinal chord

A

Composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the gray matter to the brain or to the other areas of the spinal cord

47
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity.
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc. “Fight of Flight” response

48
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Facilitates vegetative and nonemergency responses. Relaxed state/ repsonse.

49
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

50
Q

Medulla

A

Responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing

51
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head and many parasympathetic outputs.

52
Q

Pons

A

Arousal and attention functions. Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal chord (left hemisphere controls right side of the body and vice versa)

53
Q

Cerebellum

A

Most condensed part of the brain and it is responsible for coordination, balance, and movement

54
Q

Thallamus

A

Relays important information from the sensory organs to cerebral cortex

55
Q

What is the only sense that does not cross through the thalamus?

A

Smell

56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones. Associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated behavior.

57
Q

Hippocampus

A

Where new memories develop

58
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional center

59
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Responsible for visual output (1/4 of brain = vision)

60
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Responsible for touch sensations

61
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for hearing and processing spoken language

62
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Personality channel responsible for movements and emotions

Biological Psychology Test 1 (2 decks)

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