1 Flashcards
The space between the pelvic inlet and outlet
cavity
Type of pelvis which is common in 41% women
gynecoid pelvis
The sacral canal contains the following:
✅ fibrofatty material
✅ filum terminale
❎ spinal cord
✅lower part of subarachnoid space
The structures are the remains of the pedicles and superior articular processes
cornua
The increase in the mobility and potential size of the pelvis during childbirth is due to the following: ❎ = except
✅ estrogen
✅ progesterone
✅ relaxin
❎ growth hormone
Attached to this structure is the medial end of the inguinal ligament
pubic tubercle
Theses are short, thick, rounded dorsal projections from the superior part of the body at the junction of its lateral dorsal surface
pedicle
This structure projects dorsally and often caudally from the junction of the laminae and acts as lever for muscles which control posture and active movements of the vertebral
column
spinous porcess
Arise from the vertebral arch at the pedicolaminar junction, permit limited movement between vertebrae
transverse process
True of cervical vertebra except: (❎)
✅ has a small, relatively broad vertebral body
✅ pedicles project posterolaterally
✅ triangular vertebral body
❎ has coastal facets
This structure project laterally from the pediculolaminar junction as levers for muscles and ligaments, particularly those concerned with rotation and flexion
transverse process
This vertebra fails to incorporate a centrum, consists of two lateral masses connected by a short anterior and a longer posterior arch
C1
The first lumbar vertebra conntains
conus medullaris
The most lateral bony point in the shoulder region and projects laterally below and in front of the acromial angle
greater tubercle
A tubercle in the dorsal aspect of distal radius which is grooved on its ulnar side by the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus
Lister’s tubercle
Contents of the canal underneath the hook of the hamate
ulnar nerve and artery
What structures can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?
scaphoid and trapezium
These are paired bones forming most of the upper lateral side of the skull. The right and left side joins together at the top of the skull
parietal bone
The superficial facial bones are the following except (❎)
❎ palatine bones
✅ maxillary bones
✅ lacrimal bones
✅ zygomatic bones
These structures decrease weight of the skull and lined with mucous membrane. These also protect the entrances to the respiratory system
sinuses
This forms boundaries between the temporal and parietal bones
squamous suture
This structure attach to tendons and ligaments of the hyoid, tongue and pharynx
styloid process
A depression within the sella turcica
hypophyseal fossa
True of primary curves of the vertebral column
considered as accommodation curves to accommodate internal organs
These are pads of fibrous cartilage that separate the vertebral bodies and absorb shocks
intervertebral discs
A bifid spinous process is found in
cervical
Transition to lumbar vertebra is noted in what vertebra
T10 - T12
Oval-shaped bodies is found in
lumbar
Characteristic of lumbar transverse process
project dorsolaterally
True of an adult sacrum (✅)
✅ leaves transverse lines
❎ consists of 4 fused vertebra (nauur 5 dapat)
❎ fuses between puberty and 35y.o (( nauur 16-18 to 30 dapat))
❎ curved more in females than males
This is an opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal which is formed by ridges and covered by connective tissues
sacrial hiatus
True of manubrium except:
✅ superior portion of sternum
✅ articulated with clavicle
✅ has a jugular notch
❎ smallest part of the sternum
The largest vertebral foramen is found in
cervical vertebra
The last part of the sternum to fuse
xiphoid process
Each upper limb has (pila ka bones)
32 bones
Characteristic of the clavicle
S-shaped
**medial end articulates with manubrium
**lateral end articulates with acromion
True of a fractured clavicle
❎ weakest at the lateral end
❎ most breaks occur at the lateral end
❎ most common mechanism is a direct hit
✅ forces generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall can cause the fracture
A protruding projection of the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle
coracoid process
A sulcus between the greater and lesser tubercle where the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is located
bicipital groove
Part of the humerus which is commonly the site of fracture from a fall on outstretched hand in the elderly
surgical neck
The site of attachment for the biceps brachii muscle
radial tuberosity
The radial and ulnar shafts are connected by the
interosseous membrane
Part of the proximal row of the carpal bones except
capitate
prox: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
distal: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Superior part of hip bone
ilium
The part of the pelvic girdle which touched any object a person sits on
Ischial tuberosity
True of female pelvis
❎ bones are larger and heavier
❎ smaller and heart shaped
❎ pubic arch less than 90 degrees
✅ more space in the true pelvis
A depression between the femoral condyles
intercondylar fossa
True of the patella except:
✅ largest sesamoid bone
✅ thick articular cartilage line the posterior surface
✅ increases leverage of the quadriceps muscle
❎ the apex is the superior process
Serve as attachment for the patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
True of the fibula
can remove the whole shaft for bone grafting
The first bone to ossify
clavicle
The most frequently fractured carpal bone
Scaphoid
A semilunar shaped carpal bone which articulates between the scaphoid and triquetrum
Lunate
Attached to the pisiform
flexor carpi ulnaris
The largest carpal bone
Scaphoid
The last carpal bone to ossify
Pisiform
There are ______ phalanges in the hand
14
The flexor digitorum profundus is inserted in the
distal phalanx
Ossification of the skull begins at the
6th month
The attachment for the meninges
crista galli
This bone does not directly articulate with other bones
hyoid
The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
An exaggerated thoracic curvature
kyphosis
An inward lumbar curvature
lordosis
Type of collagen found in bone
Type I
The type of cartilage which provides support, flexibility and resilience and usually found in the ends of long bones
hyaline cartilage
Type of cartilage growth wherein the cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage
appositional
Two thirds of the bone matrix is made up of
Ca3(PO4)2
Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen becomes calcified later
osteoid
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
These are collagen fibers of the outer fibrous later of periosteum, connecting with collagen fibers in bone
Sharpey’s fibers
Bone formed from a cartilage anlage goes through this ossification process
endochondral
Nutrient vessels enter the bone through this structures to reach the vessels in the Harvesian canal
Volkman’s canal
A temporary cartilaginous junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis in the immature bone
synchondrosis
A type of articulation restricted to the fixation of the teeth in the mandible and maxilla
gomphosis
Physical properties of synovial fluid except:
✅ viscous
✅ watery
✅ elastic
❎ plastic
These are sites of bone resorption where ruffled border meets bone surface
howship’s lacunae
True of osteoclasts
monocyte progenitors fuse together to form mature multilinear cells
Which of the ff cell types releases osteoclastogenic cytokines such as RANKL
monocytes
Which system of lacunae networks is used among osteocytes to communicate
volkmann canals
Mesenchymal stem cells have the capability to differentiate into all the following cell types except
osteoclasts
This zone is characterized by proliferation of chondrocytes with longitudinal growth and stacking of chondrocytes
proliferative zone
What region of the physis does collagen type X play a prominent role
hypertrophic zone
Theory on bone remodeling as a response to mechanical stress
Wolff’s law
The red bone marrow is composed of
40% fat ??
30% protein ??
50% cells ??
When does bone appear
8th embryonic week
Process contributing to the growth in thickness of bone structure
Cartilage bone
Type of collagen predominantly present in elastic cartilage
Type II
A saddle joint is best represented by
carpometacarpal joint
At what age does yellow bone marrow appear
7 yrs old
A condition characterized by defective mineralization of cartilage matrix in growing bones wherein cartilage cells continue to grow resulting excess cartilage and widening of the epiphyseal plates
Osteopetrosis
These cells play a key role in the hormonal regulation of bone resorption since they express receptors for parathyroid hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other promoters of bone resorption
Osteoclasts
A component of the synovial fluid which is determinant of the viscoelastic and thixotrophic property of the synovial fluid
hyaluronan
A type of joint which restricts movement to one plane only (uniaxial) and posses strong collateral ligaments
hinge
A type of motion involving gliding or sliding without appreciable angulation
axial rotation
Muscles attached to the anterior surface of the maubrium
sternocleidomastoid
This structure is sharp, superior edge of the pectineal suface in which the conjoint tendon and lacunar ligament s are attached to its medial end
pubic tubercle
The internal concavity of the ilium is called
iliac fossa
The ligament is attached to the ischial spine and separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
sacrospinous ligament
Also known as inferior pelvic aperture
pelvic outlet
Sites of new matrix deposition
howship’s lacunae
