1 Flashcards
Under extreme pressure, performance may diminish
The yerkes-Dodson law
This type Of study repeatedly measures the same participants on a particular variable over a period of time
Longitudinal study
a group of observations on a single entity over time — e.g. the daily closing prices over one year for a single financial security, or a single patient’s heart rate measured every minute over a one-hour procedure.
Time series
Piagets stages of development
Spcofo
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
occurs when (a) an individual observes another person (a model) behave in a certain way and experience a consequence perceived as desirable by the observer, and (b) as a result, the observer behaves as the model did.
Your child learns to say “please” because he/she saw a sibling say the same and get rewarded/praised for it.
Vicarious reinforcement
Albert Bandura
Piagets stages of development define
Sensorimotor: learning object permanence
Preoperatinal:(2-5 yes old) verbal and egocentric thinking
Concrete operational : (6-11 yrs old) conservation takes place
Formal operational: (age 12+) ability to conduct abstract training and systematic problem solving
Innate drives determine behavior
Clark hulls theory of motivation
(aka, conditioned taste aversion) is an aversion or distaste for a particular taste or smell that was associated with a negative reaction (such as nausea or vomiting
Garcia effect
posits that the mere presence of others produces increments in levels of arousal. Arousal, in turn, enhances the frequency of dominant responses (i.e., responses with the greatest habit strength
Zajoncs theory, THE DRIVE THEORY OF SOCIAL FACILITATION (Zajonc, 1965
Emotions occur in response to physiological states
James-lange theory
Gestalt 7 laws refer to perceptual organization
Principle of proximity
when we see objects that are close to each other as more related than objects that are far apart
Principle of closure
when we see a complex arrangement, we look for a single, recognizable pattern
Principle of similarity
when we see elements that share characteristics as more related than those that don’t
Principle of continuity
when we see elements that are on a line or curve as more related than elements that aren’t on the line or curve.
Principles of perception
when people instinctively perceive objects as either figure (the focal point) or ground (background).
Principle of organization
five principles that fall under the umbrella of organization: uniform connectedness, common regions, common fate (synchrony), parallelism, and focal points
Principle of symmetry
when people perceive symmetrical elements as part of a unified group.
Social facilitation theory
refers to the finding that people sometimes show an increased level of effort as a result of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
Social exchange theory
a person will weigh the cost of a social interaction (negative outcome) against the reward of that social interaction (positive outcome).
Halo effect
when one trait of a person or thing is used to make an overall judgment of that person or thing
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
if someone cuts us off while driving, our first thought might be “What a jerk!” instead of considering the possibility that the driver is rushing someone to the airport.
Fundamental attribution error.
One of 4 types:
Actor-observer bias.
Self-serving bias.
Hostile attribution bias
in addition to over-valuing dispositional explanations of others’ behaviors, people tend to under-value dispositional explanations and over-value situational explanations of their own behavior. For example, a student who studies may explain her behavior by referencing situational factors (e.g., “I have an exam coming up”), whereas others will explain her studying by referencing dispositional factors (e.g., “She’s ambitious and hard-working”
Actor- observer bias
describes when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions, but blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our character
Self serving bias
an interpretive bias wherein individuals exhibit a tendency to interpret others’ ambiguous behaviors as hostile, rather than benign.[8][9] For example, if a child witnesses two other children whispering, they may assume that the children are talking negatively about them.
Hostile attribution bias
refers to an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control
Fundamental situation error
Neurotransmitter associated with Alzheimer’s
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter associated with anxiety disorders
GABA
Neurotransmitter associated with controlling alertness and wakefulness and is implicated in mood disorders such as depression and mania
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter associated with Parkinson’s
Dopamine
Prescribed to treat bipolar disorder
Lithium
Solomon asch
Studies hope individuals conform to group pressure even when no explicit demand has been made to confirm
Length of lines study:
Muzafer sherif
Studied conformity in the autokinetic experiment where individuals rated an amount of light movement, noting members ratings changed when put into group setting
Foot in the door effect
Demonstrates a persons willingness to comply to a large request when first presented with a small one
Batson study
Examined helping behaviors
Margaret ainsworth
Strange situation
Strange situation
A procedure used to observe caregiver and child relationships. Observe children’s behavior as caregiver entered and exited.
Type A- insecure/avoidant
Type B- securely attached
Type C- insecure / resistant
John bowlby
Focused studies on children brought up in institutions such as orphanages
Diana baumrind
Conducted research on parenting style and discipline
Karen horney
Formulated a theory of neurosis
Carol Gilligan
Studied gender differences in morality
Walter mischel
Critic of trait theory
Research showed an individuals behavior is largely determined by the situation
Melanie Klein
Psychoanalyst who worked with children
Martin seligman
Theory of learned helplessness
Dorothea dix
Advocated for more human treatment for the mentally ill
Charles spearman
In favor of trait theories and pioneered the susodicha method of factor analysis
Narcissistic personality disorder
a mental condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others
Borderline personality disorder
a mental health disorder that impacts the way you think and feel about yourself and others, causing problems functioning in everyday life. It includes self-image issues, difficulty managing emotions and behavior, and a pattern of unstable relationships.
Antisocial personality disorder
a particularly challenging type of personality disorder characterised by impulsive, irresponsible and often criminal behaviour. Someone with antisocial personality disorder will typically be manipulative, deceitful and reckless, and will not care for other people’s feelings.
Histrionic personality disorder
a mental health condition marked by unstable emotions, a distorted self-image and an overwhelming desire to be noticed. People with HPD often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention.
Schizotypal personality disorder
a mental health condition marked by a consistent pattern of intense discomfort with relationships and social interactions. People with STPD have unusual thoughts, speech and behaviors, which usually hinder their ability to form and maintain relationships.
Between subject designs
In a between-subjects design, or a between-groups design, every participant experiences only one condition, and you compare group differences between participants in various conditions. It’s the opposite of a within-subjects design, where every participant experiences every condition
Matched subject design
A matched subject design uses separate experimental groups for each particular treatment, but relies upon matching every subject in one group with an equivalent in another. The idea behind this is that it reduces the chances of an influential variable skewing the results by negating it
Within subject design
A within-subjects design is also called a dependent groups or repeated measures design because researchers compare related measures from the same participants between different conditions. All longitudinal studies use within-subjects designs to assess changes within the same individuals over time
Cross subjects design
A cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time. In cross-sectional research, you observe variables without influencing them
Only looked at individuals one time instead of a period of time
Interactional design
Interaction design (IxD) is the design of the interaction between the human and products. There is a psychology behind how users interact with digital products and services
Not a type of research design
Types of validity
Face validity
Tool measures content according to the lay-person
Content validity
Tool measures content according to an expert based on theory
Criterion validity
The criteria of the tool match other tools
Concurrent or Convergent Tool
gives similar scores as other tools on the same validity
Discriminant validity
Tool gives high scores for well people and low scores for sick people
Predictive validity
Tool predicts significant differences among different groups
Construct validity
Tool measures what it is supposed to
Internal validity
Measurement results warrant a causal conclusion.
Carl jung archetypes
Main 4:
Persona
The face we present to the world
The anima/ animus
the mirror image of our biological sex, that is, the unconscious feminine side in males and the masculine tendencies in women.
Shadow
This is the animal side of our personality (like the id in Freud).
Shelf
the self which provides a sense of unity in experience
Founder of operant conditioning
B f skinner
John Watson
Originated classical conditioning
Coined the term cognitive map
Edward tolman
Hawthorne effect
Phenomenon that occurs when subjects improve their behavior simply because they know they’re being assessed
Social loafing
Phenomenon that occurs when individuals make less of an effort when working in a group than they would if they were working alone
Bystander effect
Where individuals do not offer to help even there are several people present
Split brain
Severing corpus callosum in epilepsy
Fovea only contains one type of photoreceptors
Cones- responsible for color vision and perceiving fine detail
Ganglion cells
Are not photoreceptors cells
Group together to form optic nerve
Episodic and semantic memory are two types of
Declarative memory-part of long term memory responsible for remembering facts and events
Refers to our memory for facts and knowledge of external world, such as names of capital Corrie’s
Semantic memory
Part of sensory memory
Iconic memory
Zeigarnik effect
Refers to the increased recall memory in incomplete tasks versus complete tasks
Waiters remembered orders that were still open more than closed orders
Gestalt law refers to perceptual organization being as good as possible
Pragnanz: This law holds that when you’re presented with a set of ambiguous or complex objects, your brain will make them appear as simple as possible. 3 For example, when presented with the Olympic logo, you see overlapping circles rather than an assortment of curved, connected lines.
Closure
Proximity
Similarity
Continuation
Bottom up processing
Bottom-up processing begins with the retrieval of sensory information from our external environment to build perceptions based on the current input of sensory information
