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MRCS miscellaneous > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

damage to the hepatic atery during difficult cholecsytecotmy can cause what?

A

bile duct strictures

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2
Q

what are the sequelea leading to chronic inflammation

A

resolution, organisation, supparation, chronic inflammation

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3
Q

which sinus is unpaired

A

superior sagital sinus

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4
Q

what are the 3 stages of gastric secretion

A

cephalic -smell/taste
gastric
intestinal

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5
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

aldosterone

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6
Q

what does the fasiculata secrete

A

glutocorticoids

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7
Q

what does the reticularis secrete

A

androgens

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8
Q

what is the main cytokine in surgery

A

IL6

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9
Q

what is the proximal border of anatomical snuffbox

A

styloid process of ulna

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10
Q

what is the contents of the anaotmical snuffbox

A

radial artery, superficial branch of radial nerve, cephalic vein

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11
Q

where does long head of biceps insert

A

suprglenoid tubercle of scapula

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12
Q

where does short head of biceps insert

A

coracoid process of scapula

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13
Q

where does the triceps insert

A

onto olecranon process of ulna

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14
Q

what causes increased anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

MUD PILES CAT (carbon monoxide, aminoglycosides, theophylline) methanol, urea, diabetic ketoacidosis, paraldehyde, isoniazid and iron, lactic acidosis, ethanol, salicyclates

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15
Q

what forms the posterior wall of the epiploic foramen

A

IVC

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16
Q

what lines the proximal urethra

A

pseudostratified columnar

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17
Q

what lines distal urethra

A

squamous epithelium

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18
Q

what causes stagnant hypoxia

A

crush injury

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19
Q

unilateral raised hemidiapragm during cardio surgery is usually caused by what

A

unilateral phrenic nerve injury

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20
Q

what causes the v wave in JVP

A

tricupsis closure and atrial filling

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21
Q

what causes x wave JVP

A

rapid atrial filling

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22
Q

what causes y wave JVP

A

opening tricuspid valce and emptying of blood into right ventricle

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23
Q

what causes c wave JVP

A

ventricles begin to contract bulging of AV valves, bulging tricuspid into atrium

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24
Q

what kind of necrosis does dead brain undergo

A

liquefactive

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25
Q

how is azygous vein formed

A

R and lumbar and right subcostal vein

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26
Q

how is hemiazygous formed

A

left lumbar and left subcostal vien enters diaphragem through left crus of diaphragm

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27
Q

how is accessory hermiazygous formed

A

union of 4th to 8th intercostal veins

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28
Q

where do the majority of ectopic pregnancies occur

A

ampulla of fallopian tube

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29
Q

when do you get mycotic aneursyms?

A

bacterial infection

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30
Q

where does the radial nerve enter the forearm

A

anterior to the lateral epicondyle between brachialis and brachioradialis

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31
Q

where does the posterior interosseous nerve enter forearm

A

between two heads of supinator muscle

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32
Q

where does ulnar nerve enter foreamr

A

between two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris

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33
Q

where does median nerve enter the forearm

A

between two heads of pronator teres

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34
Q

where does brachial artery nerve enter forearm

A

between biceps tendon and median nerve

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35
Q

where do the inferior epigastric vessels lie

A

between transversus abdominis and peritoneum

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36
Q

how does sarcomas metastasise

A

across facial planes and metastasise via the blood stream

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37
Q

what is the most common cause osteomyeleits in sickle cell

A

salmonella

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38
Q

what nerve causes the cremasteric reflex

A

genitofemoral nerve

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39
Q

what antiboides are increased in Hashimotos thyroiditis

A

anti-thyroglobulin and anti-microsomal

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40
Q

side effects of TURP

A

Fluid overload, hypertension and reflex bradycardia

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41
Q

what supplies pec minor

A

medial pectoral nerve

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42
Q

what supplies pec major

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerve

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43
Q

where is calcitonin release from and what does it do

A

released from thyroid gland and inhibits PTH

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44
Q

Which muscle is attached to the anterior aspect of the fibrous capsule that encases the elbow joint

A

brachialis

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45
Q

whats in the middle mediastinum

A

Pericardium
Heart
Aortic root
Arch of azygos vein
Main bronchi

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46
Q

where is zinc absorbed

A

duodenum and jejunum

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47
Q

what causes the symptoms of dumping syndrome

A

increased insulin release

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48
Q

commonest cause of hesitancy and poor stream in children

A

posterior urethral valves

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49
Q

what is the pathology behind achalasia

A

progressive degeneration of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus in the oesophageal wall, leading to failure of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter

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50
Q

which factor-synthesised outside the liver is least likely to be reduced if there is reduced hepatic function

A

Factor VIII is synthesised in the endothelial cells of the liver rather than the liver itself and therefore is less prone to the effects of hepatic dysfunction.

51
Q

Where are most musculi pectinati found

A

musculi pectinati are found in the atria, hence the reason that the atrial walls in the right atrium are irregular anteriorly.

52
Q

how is PTH secreted

A

by chief cells of parathyroid

53
Q

what are the effects of PTH on bone

A

Binds to osteoblasts which signal to osteoclasts to cause resorption of bone and release calcium.

54
Q

what are the effects of PTH on the kidney

A

Active reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from the distal convoluted tubule. Decreases reabsorption of phosphate.

55
Q

A 23 year old lady is undergoing a trendelenberg procedure for varicose veins. During the dissection of the saphenofemoral junction, which of the structures listed below is most liable to injury?

A

deep external pudendal artery runs under the long saphenous vein close to its origin and may be injured

56
Q

equivalent to the pre-test probability

A

prevalence

57
Q

how are the bulbouretral galnds form

A

from the urogenital sinus

58
Q

what are the characteristic findings of median arcuate ligement

A

weight loss, epigastric bruit and abdo pain

58
Q

what is the median arcuate ligament formed of

A

r and left crura of diaphragm

59
Q

where does the sympathetic chain lie in relation to the pleura

A

posterior to the parietal pleura

60
Q

where does the IVC start

A

L5

61
Q

where does the sphenoid sinus drain in to

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

62
Q

which is the only muscle to arise from the dorsum of the foot

A

extensor digitorum brevis

63
Q

which nerve innervated both the ear and throat

A

glossopharyngeal

64
Q

where does spinal cord terminate in neonates

A

L3

65
Q

what is spondylolisthesis

A

one vertebra is DISPLACED relative to its immediate inferior

66
Q

what bacterial infection can mimic appendicitis

A

yersinia enterocolitica

67
Q

what type of bilirubin is raised in biliary atresia

A

conjugated

68
Q

where does superior vagina drian into

A

iliac nodes

69
Q

where does inferior vagina drain into

A

superficial inguinal nodes

70
Q

what are the branches of the axillary artery

A

SCREW THE LAWYER SAVE A PATIENT
superior throacic artery
thoracoacromial artery
lateral thoracic
subscapular
anterior circumflex
posterior circumflex

71
Q

which muscle passess posteriorly to lateral malleolus

A

peroneus BREVIS

72
Q

operation for an obstructing rectal cancer

A

loop colostomy

73
Q

which anaesthetic medicine can cuase histamine release

A

atracurium

74
Q

what pathology is in the AAA

A

loss of elastic fibres from the media

75
Q

what part of intervertrebral disc bulges to cuase sciatica

A

nucleus pulposus

76
Q

which drug can be given via a peripheral line

A

metaraminol

77
Q

which drug can cause generalised muscular contractions following administration

A

suxamethonium

78
Q

what forms the posterior wall of the epiploic foramen

A

IVC

79
Q

what lies posterior to the carotid sheath

A

cervical sympathetic chain

80
Q

where does long head of biceps arise

A

infraglenoid tubercle

81
Q

where is the femoral artery palpated

A

1-2cm inferior to the mid inguinal point

82
Q

what symptoms will someone have if the have damage to the median nerve at the elbow

A

unable to pronate forearm
weak wrist flexion
ulnar deviation of the wrist

83
Q

what are the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring

A

superolaterally-transversalis fascia
inferomedially-inferior epigastric artery

84
Q

where are paneth cells found

A

secretory cells in crypts of Lieberkuhn

85
Q

where do inferior and superior gluteal arteries arise from

A

internal iliac

86
Q

where do opiates act

A

in the medullary resp centres

87
Q

is the posterior aspect of the knee synovial

A

yes its intrasynovial

88
Q

how does osgood schlatter present

A

worse on activity, settles with rest caused by multiple micro fractures at the point of insertion of the tendon onto the tibial tuberosity

89
Q

where does subclavian artery travel in relation to middle scalene

A

anterior

90
Q

where does subclavian vien lie

A

anterior to anterior scalene at level of first rib

91
Q

what is the commonest brain tumour in kids

A

astrocytoma

92
Q

sudden anaemia and low reticulocytes in someone with sickle cell

A

parovirus

93
Q

what incision for children

A

transverse supra umbilical

94
Q

what may mimic achalasia

A

trypanosoma cruzi

95
Q

what relation does chorda tympani run in relation to pars flaccida

A

medially

96
Q

otic ganglion supplies where

A

parotid gland

97
Q

ptergoplatine supplies where

A

lacrimal apparatus

98
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCL, Ca, mg, intrinsic factor, NA

99
Q

what is the main pathological response in burns

A

haemolysis

100
Q

what does emphysema do to lung compliance

A

increase lung compliance

101
Q

how does scaphoid get its blood supply

A

dorsal carpal branch

102
Q

what happens to aponeurosis of rectus sheath below arcuate line

A

its deficient

103
Q

where does oesophageal varices drain

A

hemiazygous vein

104
Q

what does secretin do

A

secrete water and electrolytes

105
Q

what lies most posteriorly in the spleen

A

lienorenal ligament

106
Q

what is the mylohyoid innervated by

A

Mandibular branch CNV3

107
Q

What is contained within the adductor canal

A

saphenous nerve, superficial femoral artery and superficial femoral vein

108
Q

what is at the lower sternal angle

A

arch of aorta, thoracic duct crosses the midline, azygous vein joins SVC, tracheal bifurcation,costal cartilage of second rib

109
Q

what drains into superior meatus

A

posterior ethmoidal sinus

110
Q

what drains into middle meatus

A

fronal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal sinus

111
Q

what drains into inferior meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct

112
Q

what innervates the anterior scrotal skin

A

ilioinguinal nerve

113
Q

what type of drug is an antimetabolite

A

5 FU

114
Q

what type of drug is an anthracycline

A

doxorubicin, inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating base pairs

115
Q

what kind of drug is cyclophosphamide

A

alkalating agent, DNA cross links and death

116
Q

what is type 1 statistical error

A

tests rejects a true null hypothesis

117
Q

what is a type II error

A

null hypothesis is accepted when it is false

118
Q

what kind of murmus is arortic regurgitation

A

early diastolic murmur

119
Q

what kind of necrosis in malignant hypertension

A

fibrinoid

120
Q

what is a bartons fracture

A

distal radial fracturs with radiocarpal dislocation

121
Q

what is measured with helium dilution

A

functional residual capacity, residual volume and total lung capacity

122
Q

what is vital capacity reduced in

A

PE, infiltration, effusions, weak resp muscles eg MG, GBS, myopathies, skeletal abnormalities

123
Q

what are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox

A

radial artery, superficial branch of radial nerve, cephalic vein

MRCS miscellaneous (2 decks)

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