1 Flashcards
damage to the hepatic atery during difficult cholecsytecotmy can cause what?
bile duct strictures
what are the sequelea leading to chronic inflammation
resolution, organisation, supparation, chronic inflammation
which sinus is unpaired
superior sagital sinus
what are the 3 stages of gastric secretion
cephalic -smell/taste
gastric
intestinal
what does the zona glomerulosa secrete
aldosterone
what does the fasiculata secrete
glutocorticoids
what does the reticularis secrete
androgens
what is the main cytokine in surgery
IL6
what is the proximal border of anatomical snuffbox
styloid process of ulna
what is the contents of the anaotmical snuffbox
radial artery, superficial branch of radial nerve, cephalic vein
where does long head of biceps insert
suprglenoid tubercle of scapula
where does short head of biceps insert
coracoid process of scapula
where does the triceps insert
onto olecranon process of ulna
what causes increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
MUD PILES CAT (carbon monoxide, aminoglycosides, theophylline) methanol, urea, diabetic ketoacidosis, paraldehyde, isoniazid and iron, lactic acidosis, ethanol, salicyclates
what forms the posterior wall of the epiploic foramen
IVC
what lines the proximal urethra
pseudostratified columnar
what lines distal urethra
squamous epithelium
what causes stagnant hypoxia
crush injury
unilateral raised hemidiapragm during cardio surgery is usually caused by what
unilateral phrenic nerve injury
what causes the v wave in JVP
tricupsis closure and atrial filling
what causes x wave JVP
rapid atrial filling
what causes y wave JVP
opening tricuspid valce and emptying of blood into right ventricle
what causes c wave JVP
ventricles begin to contract bulging of AV valves, bulging tricuspid into atrium
what kind of necrosis does dead brain undergo
liquefactive
how is azygous vein formed
R and lumbar and right subcostal vein
how is hemiazygous formed
left lumbar and left subcostal vien enters diaphragem through left crus of diaphragm
how is accessory hermiazygous formed
union of 4th to 8th intercostal veins
where do the majority of ectopic pregnancies occur
ampulla of fallopian tube
when do you get mycotic aneursyms?
bacterial infection
where does the radial nerve enter the forearm
anterior to the lateral epicondyle between brachialis and brachioradialis
where does the posterior interosseous nerve enter forearm
between two heads of supinator muscle
where does ulnar nerve enter foreamr
between two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
where does median nerve enter the forearm
between two heads of pronator teres
where does brachial artery nerve enter forearm
between biceps tendon and median nerve
where do the inferior epigastric vessels lie
between transversus abdominis and peritoneum
how does sarcomas metastasise
across facial planes and metastasise via the blood stream
what is the most common cause osteomyeleits in sickle cell
salmonella
what nerve causes the cremasteric reflex
genitofemoral nerve
what antiboides are increased in Hashimotos thyroiditis
anti-thyroglobulin and anti-microsomal
side effects of TURP
Fluid overload, hypertension and reflex bradycardia
what supplies pec minor
medial pectoral nerve
what supplies pec major
medial and lateral pectoral nerve
where is calcitonin release from and what does it do
released from thyroid gland and inhibits PTH
Which muscle is attached to the anterior aspect of the fibrous capsule that encases the elbow joint
brachialis
whats in the middle mediastinum
Pericardium
Heart
Aortic root
Arch of azygos vein
Main bronchi
where is zinc absorbed
duodenum and jejunum
what causes the symptoms of dumping syndrome
increased insulin release
commonest cause of hesitancy and poor stream in children
posterior urethral valves
what is the pathology behind achalasia
progressive degeneration of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus in the oesophageal wall, leading to failure of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter
which factor-synthesised outside the liver is least likely to be reduced if there is reduced hepatic function
Factor VIII is synthesised in the endothelial cells of the liver rather than the liver itself and therefore is less prone to the effects of hepatic dysfunction.
Where are most musculi pectinati found
musculi pectinati are found in the atria, hence the reason that the atrial walls in the right atrium are irregular anteriorly.
how is PTH secreted
by chief cells of parathyroid
what are the effects of PTH on bone
Binds to osteoblasts which signal to osteoclasts to cause resorption of bone and release calcium.
what are the effects of PTH on the kidney
Active reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from the distal convoluted tubule. Decreases reabsorption of phosphate.
A 23 year old lady is undergoing a trendelenberg procedure for varicose veins. During the dissection of the saphenofemoral junction, which of the structures listed below is most liable to injury?
deep external pudendal artery runs under the long saphenous vein close to its origin and may be injured
equivalent to the pre-test probability
prevalence
how are the bulbouretral galnds form
from the urogenital sinus
what are the characteristic findings of median arcuate ligement
weight loss, epigastric bruit and abdo pain
what is the median arcuate ligament formed of
r and left crura of diaphragm
where does the sympathetic chain lie in relation to the pleura
posterior to the parietal pleura
where does the IVC start
L5
where does the sphenoid sinus drain in to
sphenoethmoidal recess
which is the only muscle to arise from the dorsum of the foot
extensor digitorum brevis
which nerve innervated both the ear and throat
glossopharyngeal
where does spinal cord terminate in neonates
L3
what is spondylolisthesis
one vertebra is DISPLACED relative to its immediate inferior
what bacterial infection can mimic appendicitis
yersinia enterocolitica
what type of bilirubin is raised in biliary atresia
conjugated
where does superior vagina drian into
iliac nodes
where does inferior vagina drain into
superficial inguinal nodes
what are the branches of the axillary artery
SCREW THE LAWYER SAVE A PATIENT
superior throacic artery
thoracoacromial artery
lateral thoracic
subscapular
anterior circumflex
posterior circumflex
which muscle passess posteriorly to lateral malleolus
peroneus BREVIS
operation for an obstructing rectal cancer
loop colostomy
which anaesthetic medicine can cuase histamine release
atracurium
what pathology is in the AAA
loss of elastic fibres from the media
what part of intervertrebral disc bulges to cuase sciatica
nucleus pulposus
which drug can be given via a peripheral line
metaraminol
which drug can cause generalised muscular contractions following administration
suxamethonium
what forms the posterior wall of the epiploic foramen
IVC
what lies posterior to the carotid sheath
cervical sympathetic chain
where does long head of biceps arise
infraglenoid tubercle
where is the femoral artery palpated
1-2cm inferior to the mid inguinal point
what symptoms will someone have if the have damage to the median nerve at the elbow
unable to pronate forearm
weak wrist flexion
ulnar deviation of the wrist
what are the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring
superolaterally-transversalis fascia
inferomedially-inferior epigastric artery
where are paneth cells found
secretory cells in crypts of Lieberkuhn
where do inferior and superior gluteal arteries arise from
internal iliac
where do opiates act
in the medullary resp centres
is the posterior aspect of the knee synovial
yes its intrasynovial
how does osgood schlatter present
worse on activity, settles with rest caused by multiple micro fractures at the point of insertion of the tendon onto the tibial tuberosity
where does subclavian artery travel in relation to middle scalene
anterior
where does subclavian vien lie
anterior to anterior scalene at level of first rib
what is the commonest brain tumour in kids
astrocytoma
sudden anaemia and low reticulocytes in someone with sickle cell
parovirus
what incision for children
transverse supra umbilical
what may mimic achalasia
trypanosoma cruzi
what relation does chorda tympani run in relation to pars flaccida
medially
otic ganglion supplies where
parotid gland
ptergoplatine supplies where
lacrimal apparatus
what do parietal cells secrete
HCL, Ca, mg, intrinsic factor, NA
what is the main pathological response in burns
haemolysis
what does emphysema do to lung compliance
increase lung compliance
how does scaphoid get its blood supply
dorsal carpal branch
what happens to aponeurosis of rectus sheath below arcuate line
its deficient
where does oesophageal varices drain
hemiazygous vein
what does secretin do
secrete water and electrolytes
what lies most posteriorly in the spleen
lienorenal ligament
what is the mylohyoid innervated by
Mandibular branch CNV3
What is contained within the adductor canal
saphenous nerve, superficial femoral artery and superficial femoral vein
what is at the lower sternal angle
arch of aorta, thoracic duct crosses the midline, azygous vein joins SVC, tracheal bifurcation,costal cartilage of second rib
what drains into superior meatus
posterior ethmoidal sinus
what drains into middle meatus
fronal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal sinus
what drains into inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
what innervates the anterior scrotal skin
ilioinguinal nerve
what type of drug is an antimetabolite
5 FU
what type of drug is an anthracycline
doxorubicin, inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating base pairs
what kind of drug is cyclophosphamide
alkalating agent, DNA cross links and death
what is type 1 statistical error
tests rejects a true null hypothesis
what is a type II error
null hypothesis is accepted when it is false
what kind of murmus is arortic regurgitation
early diastolic murmur
what kind of necrosis in malignant hypertension
fibrinoid
what is a bartons fracture
distal radial fracturs with radiocarpal dislocation
what is measured with helium dilution
functional residual capacity, residual volume and total lung capacity
what is vital capacity reduced in
PE, infiltration, effusions, weak resp muscles eg MG, GBS, myopathies, skeletal abnormalities
what are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox
radial artery, superficial branch of radial nerve, cephalic vein
