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Physio 2 - Fluids & Acid-Base Balance > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

What may result from excessive vomiting, or the ingestion of alkaline drugs? And, how is it counteracted?

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • In addition to chemical buffering, both respiratory and renal compensation are used to counteract these changes in plasma pH
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2
Q

What may result from Severe Diarrhea, Diabetes Mellitus, Strenuous Exercise, or Uremic Acidosis? And, how is it counteracted?

A
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • In addition to chemical buffering, both respiratory and renal compensation are used to counteract these changes in plasma pH
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3
Q

What is due to an decreased plasma concentration of carbon dioxide and is caused by hyperventilation? Also, how is it counteracted?

A
  • Respiratory alkalosis

- Renal compensation is used to counteract these changes in plasma pH, in addition to chemical buffering

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4
Q

What is due to an increased plasma concentration of carbon dioxide and is caused by hypoventilation? Also, how is it counteracted?

A
  • Repiratory acidosis

- Renal compensation is used to counteract these changes in plasma pH, in addition to chemical buffering

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5
Q

How do metabolic imbalances occur?

A
  • Result from changes to pH through means not related to Carbon Dioxide concentrations
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6
Q

How do respiratory imbalances occur?

A
  • Result from changes in carbon dioxide concentrations
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7
Q

How are acid imbalances categorized?

A
  • They are categorized as respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis
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8
Q

What would occur if a decrease in pH occurred in renal compensation?

A
  • It will result in an increased secretion of Hydrogen ions, an increased reabsorption of Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–), and an increased synthesis of Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–).
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9
Q

What is the third line of defense against acid-base disturbances and occurs within hours to days? And, how does it work?

A
  • Renal compensation, regulates pH through changes to Hydrogen ion Excretion to Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) Excretion, and Ammonium (NH₄⁺) Secretion in the Urine.
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10
Q

How is the plasma pH decreased due to respiratory compensation?

A
  • Through decreases in ventilation, resulting in an increase in plasma concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), which subsequently increases the plasma concentrations of hydrogen ions, and decreases the plasma pH
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11
Q

How is the plasma pH increased due to respiratory compensation?

A
  • Through increases ventilation, resulting in a decrease in plasma concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), which subsequently decreases the plasma concentration of hydrogen ions, and increasing the plasma pH
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12
Q

What is the second line of defense against acid-base disturbances and occurs within minutes? And, how does it work?

A
  • Respiratory compensation, and it regulates pH through changes in ventilation
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13
Q

What are the most important chemical buffers in the ICF?

A
  • Proteins, hemoglobin, and phosphates
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14
Q

What are the most important chemical buffers in the ECF?

A
  • They are the carbonic acid & bicarbonate buffer pair —> H2CO3↔ HCO3– + H+
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15
Q

Describe the chemical buffering mechanism of action

A
  • Upon coming into contact with a chemical buffer system, acids and bases spontaneously undergo the associated reactions
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16
Q

What is the first line of defense against acid-base disturbances and occurs within seconds? And, how does it work?

A

Chemical buffering, it works by minimizing changes in pH by adding or removing an acid or base from solution.

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17
Q

How is the chemical buffering system different from the renal & respiratory compensation systems?

A
  • Chemical buffering systems are always present, always available, and always being used
  • Whereas Respiratory compensation & Renal compensation are feedback loops involving multiple steps and multiple body systems
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18
Q

List the 3 body defense mechanism against acid-base distubances

A
  • Chemical buffering, respiratory compensation, and renal compensation.
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19
Q

What is the pH range that is compatible with life?

A
  • 6.8 to 8.0
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20
Q

What are the consequences if the pH of arterial blood is outside the normal pH range? (7.35 to 7.45)

A
  • There would be changes in the excitablibilty of neurons and muscle cells, changes in protein conformation, and changes in potassium balance.
  • Interfering with the normal cell functioning
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21
Q

What is the normal pH of arterial blood? And, how is it regulated?

A
  • The normal pH of arterial blood is between 7.35 to 7.45

- It is regulated through there homeostatic maintenance of hydrogen ions in the arterial blood

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22
Q

What is the pH value of an basic or alkaline solution?

A
  • A pH of more than 7
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23
Q

What is the pH value of an acidic solution?

A
  • A pH of less than 7
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24
Q

How is the acid-base balance achieved?

A
  • It is achieved through the regulation of hydrogen ions (H+) concentrations in body fluids
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25
Q

What are psychosocial factors? And, how do they influence water balance?

A
  • Such as habits or social engagements, which influence water balance, irrespective of thirst or vasopressin secretion
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26
Q

How does the dryness of the oral cavity influence the water balance?

A
  • It stimulates thirst but doesn’t influence vasopressin secretion
27
Q

What are stressors? And, how do they influence water balance?

A
  • Such as pain, fear, & trauma; that increase vasopressin secretion, but do not influence thirst.
28
Q

List some of the other regulators influences on water balance

A
  • Stressors, dryness of the oral cavity, & psychosocial factors
29
Q

What occurs in response to a water deficit in the body?

A
  • Both thirst and vasopressin secretion would be stimulated (water input & output regulators).
  • This is achieved through the coordination of the Hypothalamic osmoreceptors, the left Atrial Volume Receptors, and Angiotensin II.
30
Q

How is water output regulated?

A
  • By regulating the tubular reabsorption of water in the Kidneys, which is mediated by the actions of vasopressin secretions
31
Q

How is water input regulated?

A
  • By thirst, which is coordinated by the thirst centre of the hypothalamus (hypothalamic osmoreceptors)
32
Q

How is the water balance regulated?

A
  • It is maintained through the regulation of the water input & output
33
Q

What is included in the insesible loss of water category ?

A
  • It includes water output from the lungs (through respiration) & from non-sweating skin (through evaporation)
34
Q

How is the daily water output calculated?

A
  • It occurs through perispiration, fecal & urinary loss, and insensible water loss
35
Q

How is the daily water input calculated?

A
  • It occurs through ingestion of fluids & food, and also through the metabolic production of water
36
Q

What are the symptoms and effects of hypotonicity?

A
  • Neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning, circulatory disturbances resulting in hypertension, & muscle weakness
37
Q

What are the symptoms and effects of hypertonicity?

A
  • Neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning, circulatory disturbances resulting in hypotension, and anatomic changes resulting in dry skin, sunken eyeballs, & dry tongue
38
Q

What can result from renal failure, inappropriate levels of vasopressin secretion, or a rapid Ingestion of excessive amounts of water?

A
  • Hypotonicity
39
Q

What can result from an insufficient water intake, an excessive water loss, or from diabetes mellitus

A
  • Hypertonicity
40
Q

What are the effects of an hypertonic solution on RBCs?

A
  • The extracellular water concentration is lower than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water out of the cell causing the cell to shrink.
41
Q

What are the effects of an hypotonic solution on RBCs?

A
  • The extracellular water concentration is higher than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water into the cell causing the cell to swell
42
Q

What are the effects of an isotonic solution on RBCs?

A
  • In an isotonic solution the intracellular and extracellular water concentrations are the same and there is an equal and opposite movement of water across the membrane
43
Q

What results from an excess of water in the ECF? And provide an example of this situation

A
  • A hypotonic cellular environment,

- Associated with overhydration

44
Q

What results from a deficit of water in the ECF? And provide an example of this situation

A
  • A hypertonic cellular environment,

- Associated with dehydration

45
Q

What leads to a change in osmolarity?

A
  • A change in water balance not accompanied by a corresponding change in salt balance
46
Q

What is the term that refers to a measure of the concentration of an individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid?

A
  • Osmolarity
47
Q

What happens when the arterial blood pressure experiences a decrease, and how does that effect the renal handling of sodium (Na+)?

A
  • A decrease in BP influces both GFR & the secretion of aldosterone. As a result, Na+ excretion is decreased & Na+ conservation is increased, thus restoring the BP
48
Q

How is the conservation or excretion of salt regulated ?

A

-Through regulating GFR & the tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+)

49
Q

How is the salt balance regulated?

A
  • Salt balance is only regulated via the kidneys through urinary loss
50
Q

Define salt output, and how many g/day is it?

A
  • Occurs through perspiration and fecal & urine excretion.
  • Feces & loss in sweat = 0.5 g/day & 10.0 g/day is excreted in urine
    Total salt output is = 10.5 g/day
51
Q

Define salt input, and how many g/day is it?

A
  • Salt input occurs only through ingestion

- 10.5 g/day

52
Q

Why is the maintenance of ECF osmolarity important?

A
  • For the maintenance of an isotonic cellular environment, and is dependent on water balance
53
Q

Why is the maintenance of ECF volume important?

A
  • For the maintenance of the blood pressure, and it is dependent on the salt balance
54
Q

How is fluid balance regulated?

A
  • Through the regulation of the ECF volume and osmolarity
55
Q

What is fluid balance in the body dependent on?

A
  • On water and salt balance
56
Q

Why do different fluid compartments have different ionic compositions?

A
  • They have different ionic compositions due to the barriers that separate them, such as the blood vessel walls & the plasma membrane of cells
57
Q

How many litres of bodily fluids does the ICF represent (% as well)?

A
  • 28 litres or 67% of total body fluids
58
Q

What types of fluids are included in the ECF? And, how many litres of bodily fluids does it represent (% as well)?

A
  • It includes: Plasma, lymph, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids
  • Accounting for 14 litres or 33% of total body fluid
59
Q

Where are the fluids in the body located in?

A
  • In the ECF & ICF
60
Q

What is the term that refers to when the output exceeds input?

A
  • A negative balance
61
Q

What is the term that refers to when the input exceeds output?

A
  • A positive balance
62
Q

What is the term that is referred to a substance with equal input and output?

A
  • Stable balance
63
Q

What does output from the body include?

A
  • It includes metabolic consumption & excretion
64
Q

What does input into the body include?

A
  • It includes metabolic production & ingestion

Physio 2 - Fluids & Acid-Base Balance (1 decks)

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