1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The science of structure and the relationship among structures.
Physiology
The science of body functions
How the body works
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy = structure Physiology = the action of the structure
What are the 6 levels of organization of the human body?
Chemical cellular tissue, organ system organismal
What is the smallest unit of matter that participates in the in chemical reactions, and molecules?
Atoms
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms joined together
What are some atoms that are essential for human life?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Calcium
What is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism?
Cell
Molecules combine to form?
Structures
What is the smallest living unit in the body?
Cell
Examples of cells?
Muscle
Nerve
Blood
What is a specialized structure in a cell?
Organelles
Examples of organelles?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lyosomes
What is a group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function?
Tissue
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
What has a recognizable shapes and is composed of 2 or more different kinds of tissue, to perform a specific function?
Organs
What is the layer around the outside of the stomach that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs?
Serous membrane
What is under the serous membrane that moves food on to the next digestive organ?
Smooth muscle tissue
What is the innermost lining of the stomach, which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid in digestion?
Epithelial tissue
What consists of related organs that have a common function?
System
What system protects all systems by serving as a barrier between the outside environment and internal tissues and organs?
Integumentary system
What is the largest level in the structure of the body?
Organismal
Which body systems help eliminate waste?
?
What is the maintenance of relatively stable condition of the body? Ensuring the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside?
Homeostasis
What systems mainly control homeostasis?
Nervous
Endocrine
What organ needs a steady supply of glucose to keep functioning?
Brain
The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are mainly controlled under what systems?
Nervous
Endocrine
The nervous system detects changes from balanced state and sends messages in what form to organs in order to counter the changes?
Nerve impulses
What systems corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood?
Endocrine system
What effects specific body cells to cause responses to restore homeostasis?
Hormones
What is a cycle of events in which conditions of the body is continually monitored?
Feedback system
What are body conditions that are monitored to maintain homeostasis?
Controlled condition
Ex. Body temp, BP, Blood glucose
What is a disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition?
Stimulus
What are some examples of stimulus?
External
Internal
Psychological/Social
What are the 3 basic components of a feedback system?
Receptor
Control center
Effector
What is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center?
Receptor
What is the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals(hormones) monitored by receptors?
Input
What component of the feedback system sets ranges of values within a controlled condition. Evaluates input from receptors and generates output to effectors?
Control center
What is a body structure that receives output from control centers to produce a response to change the controlled condition?
Effector
What is information in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals that is relayed from a control center to an effector?
Output
What body system reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback system
Which feedback system tends to regulate conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods such as BP and body temp?
Negative feedback system
Most feedback systems in the body are negative or positive?
Negative
What are pressure sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels?
Barorecptors
What body system strengthens the change in a controlled condition?
Positive feedback system
What body system reinforces change of the the body’s controlled environment that doesn’t happen often such as childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting?
Positive feedback system
What hormone causes muscles in the uterus to contract more forcefully?
Oxytocin
When do positive feedback systems stop?
Positive feedback systems continue until interrupted by some mechanism, if not stoped the feedback can “run away” and be destructive and deadly.
What two terms describe a reclining body?
Prone
Supine
What are the major body regions?
Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs
Direction term for toward the head, or upper part of structure?
Superior
Directional term for away from the head, or lower part of the structure?
Inferior
Directional term for nearer to or at the front of the body?
Anterior
Directional term for near to or at the back of the body?
Posterior
Dorsal
Directional term for near the midline or midsagittal plane?
Medial
Directional term for farther from the midline or midsagittal plane?
Lateral
Directional term for nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk?
Proximal
Directional term for farther from attachment of a limb to the trunk?
Distal
Directional term for toward or on the surface of the body?
Superficial
Directional term for away from the surface of the body?
Deep
What are the 4 major planes of the body?
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Oblique
What is the vertical plane the divides the body or an organ into left and right sides?
Sagittal
What plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into left and right sides?
Midsagittal plane
What plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides?
Parasagittal plane
What plane divides the body or organs into anterior and posterior portions?
Frontal plane
Coronal
What plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions?
Transverse plane
What plane passes at an angle through the body or organs at an angle between the transverse plane and Sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane?
Oblique plane
What are the spaces within the body that protect against, separate and support internal organs?
Body cavities
What cavity is formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain?
Cranial cavity
What is formed by bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord?
Vertebral canal
What are the major cavities of the trunk?
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
What cavity contains the heart, great blood vessels and the lungs?
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity
What are the three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity?
Pericardial
Pleural
Mediastinum
What is a the fluid filled space that surrounds the heart?
Pericardial cavity
What cavities surround the lungs and contain small amount of fluid?
Pleural cavities
What cavity is the central part of the thoracic cavity, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib the the diaphragm?
Mediastinum Contains: Heart Esophagus Trachea And several large blood vessels
What is the dome shaped muscle that powers breathing and supersets the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic.
Diaphragm
What cavity extends from diaphragm to the groin and is divide into 2 portions although no wall separates them?
Abdominopelvic
What is contained in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity?
Stomach Spleen Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Most of the large intestine
What is contained in the lower portion (pelvic cavity)?
Urinary bladder
Portions of the large intestine
Internal organs of the reproductive system
What are the two portions of the Abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal(upper) cavity
Pelvic(lower) cavity
What are the organs inside the thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities called?
Veiscera
What is found in large body cavities, thin slippery, double sided layer of membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen?
Serous membrane
What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavities?
Pleura
What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity?
Pericardium
What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum
What is created by 2 transverse(horizontal) lines and 2 parasagittal(vertical) lines?
Abdominopelvic regions
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right inguinal(iliac) Hypogastric Left inguinal
What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?
Right upper RUQ
Left upper LUQ
Right lower RLQ
Left lower LLQ
What is the science of the structure and interaction of matter, which is anything that occupies space and mass?
Chemistry
What is the amount of matter in a living organism or no living organism?
Mass
What are substance that can not be broken down into a simpler form?
Elements
What are the building blocks for all forms of matter?
Elements
How many elements are there?
118
Elements are designated by?
Chemical symbols
1 or 2 letters
How many elements make up the human body?
26
Major elements constitute about what percentage of the body’s mass?
96%
What major elements constitute 96% of the body’s mass?
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
8 lesser elements constitute what percentage of the body’s mass?
3.6%
What are the 8 lesser elements that contribute to 3.6% of the body’s mass?
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iron
What percentage of trace elements are present in tiny amount in the body?
0.4%
How many additional trace elements account for 0.4% of the body’s mass?
14
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains properties and characteristics of the elements?
Atoms
What are the two basic parts of an atom?
Nucleus
1 or more electrons
What are positively charged particles?
Protons
What are negatively charged particles?
Electrons
What are particles with no charge?
Neutron
The number of protons in a stains is called?
Atomic number
Describe electrons
Negatively charged particles that move around the the surrounding space of the nucleus
No fixed path or orbit
What is an atoms total charge?
Total charge is zero because there are equal numbers of electron and protons
What is the total amount of protons and neutrons in an atom?
Mass number
What happens when an atom loses or gains electrons?
The atom develops and electrical charge due to the imbalance of protons and electrons
What is an atoms that has a charge dues to unequal balance of protons and electrons?
Ion
What is a positively charged ion?
Caution
What is a negatively charged ion?
Anion
What is the combination of 2 or more atoms that share electrons?
Molecule
What indicates the number and types of atoms that make up a molecule?
Molecular formula
What is a substance containing atoms of two or more different elements?
Compound
What is an unstable ion or molecule that can be destructive to near molecules because of its pared electrons on its outermost shell?
Free radical
What is the significance of the valance electron?
Responsible for chemical reactions
What is the force that bind atoms of molecules and compounds?
Chemical bonds
What are the 3 general types of chemical bonds?
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
What determines the chance that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom?
Valence shell
Or the number of electron in the outer shell of an atom
What is the octet rule?
When two or more atoms with 8 electrons bond in a chemically stable arrangement of 8 electron in the outer shell.
What is the force of attraction between ions of opposite charges?
Ionic bond
Ionic bonds of the body are mainly found where?
Teeth and bones
Others dissolve in oft fluids
What is an ionic compound that breaks apart into cautions and anions when dissolved?
Electrolyte
Because the solution can conduct and electrical current
What are some of the important functions of electrolytes?
Water movement within the body
Maintaining acid base balance
Producing nerve impulses
What bond is formed when neither of the combining atoms loses or gains electrons, forming a molecule by sharing 1,2,3 pairs of their outer shell electron?
Covalent bond
What is the most common chemical bond in the body?
Covalent bond
Compounds resulting from what bond form most of the body’s structures?
Covalent bonds
What kind of bond will usual not break apart when the molecule is dissolved in water?
Covalent bonds
What is the difference between single, double and triple covalent bonds?
The number of pairs of respective electrons shared
What is the bond between 2 identical atoms?
Non polar covalent bond
What is the bond formed when the sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal? 1 atom attracts the shared electron more strongly than the other?
Polar covalent bond
Ex. Oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule
What bond forms when polar covalent bonds form between hydrogen atoms and other atoms?
Hydrogen bond
What is the bond formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attract a partial negative charge of a electronegative atom?such as oxygen and nitrogen?
Hydrogen bond
What bond results from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
Can hydrogen bonds bind atoms into molecules?
No
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Hydrogen bonds establish important links between what molecules?
Water DNA Protiens Adds strength and stability Determines the molecules 3D shape
What occurs when new bonds form and/or old bonds break between atoms?
Chemical reaction
What is the transfer of energy by which body structure are built and body functions are carried out?
Chemical reactions
What are the two main forms of energy?
Potential
Kinetic
What is the energy stored by matter due to position?
Potential
What is the energy of matter in motion?
Kinetic
What is the potential energy stored in bonds of molecules?
Chemical energy
Chemical energy in the food you eat is eventually converted into various forms of energy such as?
Mechanical energy- used to walk and talk
Heat energy- used to maintain body temp
What requires input of energy and forming of new bonds releasing energy or requiring energy?
Chemical reaction
What is the process in which two or more atoms, molecules, or ions combine to form a new and larger molecules?
Synthesis reaction
Define synthesis:
To put together
All synthesis reactions that occur in your body are referred to as?
Anabolism
Combining amino acids to form protein is an example of what?
Anabolism
What happens when molecules split apart, when large molecules split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms?
Decomposition reaction
The decomposition reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as?
Catabolism
The breakdown of large starch molecules into smaller glucose moles is an example of?
Catabolism
Energy releasing reaction occur as nutrient such as glucose, are broken down via?
Decomposition reaction
What molecules are transferred energy to drive the energy requiring synthesis reactions that lead to the building of body structures such as muscles and bone?
Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
What reactions consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions?
Exchange reactions
What is a reaction in which the reaction can go either way under certain conditions? Indicated by to half arrows in opposite directions
Reversible reaction
What is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body?
Metabolism
What are the 2 main classes of chemical compounds in the body?
Inorganic
Organic
What compound usually lack carbon, structurally simple and held together by ionic or covalent bonds?
Inorganic compound
What compound usually contains hydrogen and always have covalent bonds?
Organic compounds
What organic compound gives structure to the body, regulates enzyme processes, provide protection, and help to contract muscles?
Protiens
What organic compound includes triglycerides(fats or oils), phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins?
Lipids
What are some fat soluble vitamins?
A
D
E
K
What organic compound includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and are the most common source of energy needed for life?
Carbohydrates
What organic compound includes DNA and RNA?
Nucleus acids
What organic compound is the principle energy storing molecules in the body?
Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound of the body?
Water
What percentage of water is the body?
55-60%
What is an excellent solvent, participating in chemical reactions, absorbs and releases heat slowly, and lubricates?
Water
What inorganic compound is involved in digestion, the elimination of wastes, circulation, and the regulation of body temperature?
Water
How do inorganic compounds differ from organic compounds?
Inorganic compound- no carbon, held by ionic or covalent bonds
Organic compound- contain carbon and hydrogen, held only by covalent bonds
What is the study of cellular structure and function?
Cell biology
What are the 3 main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
What forms a cells flexible outer surface, separating the cells internal environment from its external. Regulating the flow of material in and out of the cell to maintain appropriate environment for normal cellular activity, and plays a key role in communication among cells?
Plasma membrane
What part of the cell consists all the cellular content between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
What are the 2 components of cytoplasm?
Cytosol
Organelles
What is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm that consists mostly of water plus dissolved solutes and suspended particles?
Cytosol
What is the largest organelle of a cell?
Nucleus
What part of the cell acts as a control center for a cell, contains genes, which control cellular structure and most cellular activities?
Nucleus
What is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that consists mostly of lipids and proteins?
Plasma membrane
What is the basic framework of the plasma membrane?
Lipid bilayer
2 tail to tail layer made up of 3 types of lipid molecules
What are the 3 types of lipid molecules found in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids( lipids that contain phosphorus
Cholesterol
Glycolipids( lipids attached to carbohydrates
What are the 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane?
Integral
Peripheral
What protein extends into the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails?
Integral proteins
What proteins are loosely attached to the exterior or interior surface of the plasma membrane?
Peripheral protiens
What is the property of the plasma membrane to allow some substances to move into and out of the cell while restricting the passage of other substances?
Selective permeability
What portion of the cell membrane allows the passage of water and non polar lipid soluble molecules while restricting substances such as ions, glucose and amino acids?
Lipid portion
What protein can form ion channels through which specific ions such as potassium ions (K+) can move in and out of the cell?
Integral proteins
What part of the cell membrane can act as carriers(transporters) that change shape as they move substances from one side of the membrane to another?
Protiens
Large molecules such as proteins are unable to pass through the plasma membrane except by?
Transport within vesicles
What receptors recognize and bind a specific molecule that governs some cellular function?
Integral protiens
What proteins can act as enzyme, speeding up specific chemical reactions?
Integral protiens
What part of the membrane act as cell identity markers, e ranking a cell to recognize other cells of its own kind during tissue formation, or recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells?
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions?
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
What is the fluid contained inside body cells?
Intracellular fluid(ICF)
How much ICF is in a cell body?
Two thirds
What is the fluid outside of a cell called?
Extracellular fluid(ECF)
ECF found in the spaces between cells of tissues is called?
Interstitial fluid
What is the ECF in the blood vessels called?
Plasma
What is the ECF found in the lymphatic vessels called?
Lymph
What is the material dissolved in a fluid?
Solute
What is the fluid of which a solute is dissolved?
Solvent
What is the measure for the amount of solute in a solvent?
Concentration
What is the measure of high and low concentrations?
Concentration gradients
What is it called when molecules move down their concentration gradient using kinetic energy until equilibrium is established?
Passive transport
What are some examples of passive transport?
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
What is the movement of a substance though the lipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower until equilibrium is reached?
Simple diffusion
What are some lipid soluble substances that move across membranes by simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer?
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Fatty acids
Steroids
What are some polar molecules that move though the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion?
Water
Urea
What is important in the exchange of octane carbon-dioxide and between blood and air in the lungs?
Simple diffusion
How do molecules that cannot move through the bilayer by simple diffusion such as glucose?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the process of a molecule binding to an integral protein and moving through the membrane after the carrier undergoes a change in shape?
Facilitated protein
How do ions move across the membrane?
Ion channels
What is the passive process of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low until equilibrium is reached?
Osmosis
What is a solution with equal concentration of solute and solvents on either side of the membrane?
Isotonic
In what solution does water enter and leaves the cells at the rate. Cells maintain normal shape and volume?
Isotonic
What solution has a low concentration of solute and a high concentration of solvent?
Hypotonic
What solution can cause cells(such as red blood cells) to rupture as the water moves into the cells?
Hypotonic
What is the solution that has a high concentration of solute and a low concentration of solvent
Hypertonic
What solution can cause cells(such as red blood cells to shrink(cremate) as water moves out of the cells?
Hypertonic
What is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient?
Active transport
What uses energy derived from splitting ATP changes the shape of the protein to move the substances across the cellular membrane against a concentration gradient?
Active transport
What are the 2 types of active transports?
Pumps involving carrier proteins
Transport within vesicles
What is the most important protein pump?
Sodium-potassium
The sodium-potassium pump maintenance of what crucial concentration for normal nerve and muscle function?
High level of potassium in ICF
High concentration of sodium in ECF
What are the two types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis
Bulk-phase endocytosis
Endocytosis substances enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane form what? That brings it into the cell?
Vesicles
What is the process used by white blood cells to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign agents?
Phagocytosis
What is the ingestion of large, solid particles via the use of plasma membrane projection called pseudopods?
Phagocytosis(cell eating)
What is the ingestion of tiny droplets of ECF?
I’m this process the vesicles surrounds the ECF
Bulk-phase endocytosis
Bulk- phase endocytosis is also known as?
Pinocytosis(cell drinking)
What is the movement of substances out of the cell by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane, resulting of a secretion of the substance in the ECF?
Exocytosis
What is the spherical or oval structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell?
Nucleus
Most body cells of one nucleus, some such as mature red blood cells and skeletal muscle cells along with other types have how many?
Mature red blood cells- 0
Skeletal muscles cells- several
What is the double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope
What are the many openings on the nuclear envelope that control movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
What kind of layers make up the nuclear envelope?
Lipid bilayer
What are the one or more spherical bodies inside the nucleus?
Nucleoli
Nucleolus(singular)
What clusters of protein, DNA, and RNA assemble ribosomes?
Nucleoli
What exits the nuclear pores and participates in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?
Ribosomes
Cells that synthesize large amounts of protein, such as muscle and liver cells, have what kind of nucleoli?
Prominent nucleoli
What controls cellular structure and directs most cellular activities?
Genes
The genes of a cell are located where?
Nucleus
The nuclear genes are arranged along what?
Chromosomes
Human somatic(body) cells have how many chromosomes?
46
23 from each parent
The 46 chromosomes of a cell not dividing appears as a diffused granular mass called?
Chromatin
What is the total genetic information carried in a cell or organism?
Genome
The average human adult is composed of how many cells?
Nearly 100 trillion
200 different cell types
What is the unit of measurement for cells?
Micrometers
One micrometer is equal to how many many meters?
1 one-millionth of a meter
What is the largest cell?
Oocyte(140 micrometers)
A red blood cells is how many micrometers?
8
What determines a cells shape?
Function in the body
What greatly increase a cells surface area?
Microvilli
