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1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of structure and the relationship among structures.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The science of body functions

How the body works

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3
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A 
Anatomy = structure
Physiology = the action of the structure
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4
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization of the human body?

A 
Chemical
cellular
tissue, 
organ
system
organismal
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5
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter that participates in the in chemical reactions, and molecules?

A

Atoms

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6
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms joined together

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7
Q

What are some atoms that are essential for human life?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Calcium
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8
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism?

A

Cell

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9
Q

Molecules combine to form?

A

Structures

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10
Q

What is the smallest living unit in the body?

A

Cell

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11
Q

Examples of cells?

A

Muscle
Nerve
Blood

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12
Q

What is a specialized structure in a cell?

A

Organelles

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13
Q

Examples of organelles?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lyosomes

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14
Q

What is a group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function?

A

Tissue

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15
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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16
Q

What has a recognizable shapes and is composed of 2 or more different kinds of tissue, to perform a specific function?

A

Organs

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17
Q

What is the layer around the outside of the stomach that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs?

A

Serous membrane

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18
Q

What is under the serous membrane that moves food on to the next digestive organ?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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19
Q

What is the innermost lining of the stomach, which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid in digestion?

A

Epithelial tissue

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20
Q

What consists of related organs that have a common function?

A

System

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21
Q

What system protects all systems by serving as a barrier between the outside environment and internal tissues and organs?

A

Integumentary system

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22
Q

What is the largest level in the structure of the body?

A

Organismal

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23
Q

Which body systems help eliminate waste?

A

?

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24
Q

What is the maintenance of relatively stable condition of the body? Ensuring the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside?

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

What systems mainly control homeostasis?

A

Nervous

Endocrine

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26
Q

What organ needs a steady supply of glucose to keep functioning?

A

Brain

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27
Q

The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are mainly controlled under what systems?

A

Nervous

Endocrine

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28
Q

The nervous system detects changes from balanced state and sends messages in what form to organs in order to counter the changes?

A

Nerve impulses

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29
Q

What systems corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood?

A

Endocrine system

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30
Q

What effects specific body cells to cause responses to restore homeostasis?

A

Hormones

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31
Q

What is a cycle of events in which conditions of the body is continually monitored?

A

Feedback system

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32
Q

What are body conditions that are monitored to maintain homeostasis?

A

Controlled condition

Ex. Body temp, BP, Blood glucose

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33
Q

What is a disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition?

A

Stimulus

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34
Q

What are some examples of stimulus?

A

External
Internal
Psychological/Social

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35
Q

What are the 3 basic components of a feedback system?

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

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36
Q

What is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center?

A

Receptor

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37
Q

What is the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals(hormones) monitored by receptors?

A

Input

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38
Q

What component of the feedback system sets ranges of values within a controlled condition. Evaluates input from receptors and generates output to effectors?

A

Control center

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39
Q

What is a body structure that receives output from control centers to produce a response to change the controlled condition?

A

Effector

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40
Q

What is information in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals that is relayed from a control center to an effector?

A

Output

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41
Q

What body system reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback system

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42
Q

Which feedback system tends to regulate conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods such as BP and body temp?

A

Negative feedback system

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43
Q

Most feedback systems in the body are negative or positive?

A

Negative

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44
Q

What are pressure sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels?

A

Barorecptors

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45
Q

What body system strengthens the change in a controlled condition?

A

Positive feedback system

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46
Q

What body system reinforces change of the the body’s controlled environment that doesn’t happen often such as childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting?

A

Positive feedback system

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47
Q

What hormone causes muscles in the uterus to contract more forcefully?

A

Oxytocin

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48
Q

When do positive feedback systems stop?

A

Positive feedback systems continue until interrupted by some mechanism, if not stoped the feedback can “run away” and be destructive and deadly.

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49
Q

What two terms describe a reclining body?

A

Prone

Supine

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50
Q

What are the major body regions?

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
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51
Q

Direction term for toward the head, or upper part of structure?

A

Superior

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52
Q

Directional term for away from the head, or lower part of the structure?

A

Inferior

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53
Q

Directional term for nearer to or at the front of the body?

A

Anterior

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54
Q

Directional term for near to or at the back of the body?

A

Posterior

Dorsal

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55
Q

Directional term for near the midline or midsagittal plane?

A

Medial

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56
Q

Directional term for farther from the midline or midsagittal plane?

A

Lateral

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57
Q

Directional term for nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk?

A

Proximal

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58
Q

Directional term for farther from attachment of a limb to the trunk?

A

Distal

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59
Q

Directional term for toward or on the surface of the body?

A

Superficial

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60
Q

Directional term for away from the surface of the body?

A

Deep

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61
Q

What are the 4 major planes of the body?

A

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Oblique

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62
Q

What is the vertical plane the divides the body or an organ into left and right sides?

A

Sagittal

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63
Q

What plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into left and right sides?

A

Midsagittal plane

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64
Q

What plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides?

A

Parasagittal plane

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65
Q

What plane divides the body or organs into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Frontal plane

Coronal

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66
Q

What plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions?

A

Transverse plane

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67
Q

What plane passes at an angle through the body or organs at an angle between the transverse plane and Sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane?

A

Oblique plane

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68
Q

What are the spaces within the body that protect against, separate and support internal organs?

A

Body cavities

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69
Q

What cavity is formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain?

A

Cranial cavity

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70
Q

What is formed by bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral canal

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71
Q

What are the major cavities of the trunk?

A

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

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72
Q

What cavity contains the heart, great blood vessels and the lungs?

A

Thoracic cavity

Chest cavity

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73
Q

What are the three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity?

A

Pericardial
Pleural
Mediastinum

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74
Q

What is a the fluid filled space that surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardial cavity

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75
Q

What cavities surround the lungs and contain small amount of fluid?

A

Pleural cavities

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76
Q

What cavity is the central part of the thoracic cavity, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib the the diaphragm?

A 
Mediastinum
Contains:
Heart
Esophagus 
Trachea 
And several large blood vessels
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77
Q

What is the dome shaped muscle that powers breathing and supersets the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic.

A

Diaphragm

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78
Q

What cavity extends from diaphragm to the groin and is divide into 2 portions although no wall separates them?

A

Abdominopelvic

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79
Q

What is contained in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity?

A 
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gallbladder 
Small intestine 
Most of the large intestine
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80
Q

What is contained in the lower portion (pelvic cavity)?

A

Urinary bladder
Portions of the large intestine
Internal organs of the reproductive system

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81
Q

What are the two portions of the Abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Abdominal(upper) cavity

Pelvic(lower) cavity

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82
Q

What are the organs inside the thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities called?

A

Veiscera

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83
Q

What is found in large body cavities, thin slippery, double sided layer of membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen?

A

Serous membrane

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84
Q

What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavities?

A

Pleura

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85
Q

What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity?

A

Pericardium

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86
Q

What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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87
Q

What is created by 2 transverse(horizontal) lines and 2 parasagittal(vertical) lines?

A

Abdominopelvic regions

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88
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A 
Right hypochondriac 
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac 
Right lumbar
Umbilical 
Left lumbar
Right inguinal(iliac)
Hypogastric
Left inguinal
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89
Q

What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?

A

Right upper RUQ
Left upper LUQ
Right lower RLQ
Left lower LLQ

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90
Q

What is the science of the structure and interaction of matter, which is anything that occupies space and mass?

A

Chemistry

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91
Q

What is the amount of matter in a living organism or no living organism?

A

Mass

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92
Q

What are substance that can not be broken down into a simpler form?

A

Elements

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93
Q

What are the building blocks for all forms of matter?

A

Elements

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94
Q

How many elements are there?

A

118

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95
Q

Elements are designated by?

A

Chemical symbols

1 or 2 letters

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96
Q

How many elements make up the human body?

A

26

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97
Q

Major elements constitute about what percentage of the body’s mass?

A

96%

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98
Q

What major elements constitute 96% of the body’s mass?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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99
Q

8 lesser elements constitute what percentage of the body’s mass?

A

3.6%

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100
Q

What are the 8 lesser elements that contribute to 3.6% of the body’s mass?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus 
Potassium 
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron
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101
Q

What percentage of trace elements are present in tiny amount in the body?

A

0.4%

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102
Q

How many additional trace elements account for 0.4% of the body’s mass?

A

14

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103
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter that retains properties and characteristics of the elements?

A

Atoms

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104
Q

What are the two basic parts of an atom?

A

Nucleus

1 or more electrons

105
Q

What are positively charged particles?

A

Protons

106
Q

What are negatively charged particles?

A

Electrons

107
Q

What are particles with no charge?

A

Neutron

108
Q

The number of protons in a stains is called?

A

Atomic number

109
Q

Describe electrons

A

Negatively charged particles that move around the the surrounding space of the nucleus
No fixed path or orbit

110
Q

What is an atoms total charge?

A

Total charge is zero because there are equal numbers of electron and protons

111
Q

What is the total amount of protons and neutrons in an atom?

A

Mass number

112
Q

What happens when an atom loses or gains electrons?

A

The atom develops and electrical charge due to the imbalance of protons and electrons

113
Q

What is an atoms that has a charge dues to unequal balance of protons and electrons?

A

Ion

114
Q

What is a positively charged ion?

A

Caution

115
Q

What is a negatively charged ion?

A

Anion

116
Q

What is the combination of 2 or more atoms that share electrons?

A

Molecule

117
Q

What indicates the number and types of atoms that make up a molecule?

A

Molecular formula

118
Q

What is a substance containing atoms of two or more different elements?

A

Compound

119
Q

What is an unstable ion or molecule that can be destructive to near molecules because of its pared electrons on its outermost shell?

A

Free radical

120
Q

What is the significance of the valance electron?

A

Responsible for chemical reactions

121
Q

What is the force that bind atoms of molecules and compounds?

A

Chemical bonds

122
Q

What are the 3 general types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

123
Q

What determines the chance that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom?

A

Valence shell

Or the number of electron in the outer shell of an atom

124
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

When two or more atoms with 8 electrons bond in a chemically stable arrangement of 8 electron in the outer shell.

125
Q

What is the force of attraction between ions of opposite charges?

A

Ionic bond

126
Q

Ionic bonds of the body are mainly found where?

A

Teeth and bones

Others dissolve in oft fluids

127
Q

What is an ionic compound that breaks apart into cautions and anions when dissolved?

A

Electrolyte

Because the solution can conduct and electrical current

128
Q

What are some of the important functions of electrolytes?

A

Water movement within the body
Maintaining acid base balance
Producing nerve impulses

129
Q

What bond is formed when neither of the combining atoms loses or gains electrons, forming a molecule by sharing 1,2,3 pairs of their outer shell electron?

A

Covalent bond

130
Q

What is the most common chemical bond in the body?

A

Covalent bond

131
Q

Compounds resulting from what bond form most of the body’s structures?

A

Covalent bonds

132
Q

What kind of bond will usual not break apart when the molecule is dissolved in water?

A

Covalent bonds

133
Q

What is the difference between single, double and triple covalent bonds?

A

The number of pairs of respective electrons shared

134
Q

What is the bond between 2 identical atoms?

A

Non polar covalent bond

135
Q

What is the bond formed when the sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal? 1 atom attracts the shared electron more strongly than the other?

A

Polar covalent bond

Ex. Oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule

136
Q

What bond forms when polar covalent bonds form between hydrogen atoms and other atoms?

A

Hydrogen bond

137
Q

What is the bond formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attract a partial negative charge of a electronegative atom?such as oxygen and nitrogen?

A

Hydrogen bond

138
Q

What bond results from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

139
Q

Can hydrogen bonds bind atoms into molecules?

A

No

140
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

141
Q

Hydrogen bonds establish important links between what molecules?

A 
Water
DNA
Protiens 
Adds strength and stability
Determines the molecules 3D shape
142
Q

What occurs when new bonds form and/or old bonds break between atoms?

A

Chemical reaction

143
Q

What is the transfer of energy by which body structure are built and body functions are carried out?

A

Chemical reactions

144
Q

What are the two main forms of energy?

A

Potential

Kinetic

145
Q

What is the energy stored by matter due to position?

A

Potential

146
Q

What is the energy of matter in motion?

A

Kinetic

147
Q

What is the potential energy stored in bonds of molecules?

A

Chemical energy

148
Q

Chemical energy in the food you eat is eventually converted into various forms of energy such as?

A

Mechanical energy- used to walk and talk

Heat energy- used to maintain body temp

149
Q

What requires input of energy and forming of new bonds releasing energy or requiring energy?

A

Chemical reaction

150
Q

What is the process in which two or more atoms, molecules, or ions combine to form a new and larger molecules?

A

Synthesis reaction

151
Q

Define synthesis:

A

To put together

152
Q

All synthesis reactions that occur in your body are referred to as?

A

Anabolism

153
Q

Combining amino acids to form protein is an example of what?

A

Anabolism

154
Q

What happens when molecules split apart, when large molecules split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms?

A

Decomposition reaction

155
Q

The decomposition reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as?

A

Catabolism

156
Q

The breakdown of large starch molecules into smaller glucose moles is an example of?

A

Catabolism

157
Q

Energy releasing reaction occur as nutrient such as glucose, are broken down via?

A

Decomposition reaction

158
Q

What molecules are transferred energy to drive the energy requiring synthesis reactions that lead to the building of body structures such as muscles and bone?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

159
Q

What reactions consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions?

A

Exchange reactions

160
Q

What is a reaction in which the reaction can go either way under certain conditions? Indicated by to half arrows in opposite directions

A

Reversible reaction

161
Q

What is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body?

A

Metabolism

162
Q

What are the 2 main classes of chemical compounds in the body?

A

Inorganic

Organic

163
Q

What compound usually lack carbon, structurally simple and held together by ionic or covalent bonds?

A

Inorganic compound

164
Q

What compound usually contains hydrogen and always have covalent bonds?

A

Organic compounds

165
Q

What organic compound gives structure to the body, regulates enzyme processes, provide protection, and help to contract muscles?

A

Protiens

166
Q

What organic compound includes triglycerides(fats or oils), phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins?

A

Lipids

167
Q

What are some fat soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

168
Q

What organic compound includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and are the most common source of energy needed for life?

A

Carbohydrates

169
Q

What organic compound includes DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleus acids

170
Q

What organic compound is the principle energy storing molecules in the body?

A

Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

171
Q

What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound of the body?

A

Water

172
Q

What percentage of water is the body?

A

55-60%

173
Q

What is an excellent solvent, participating in chemical reactions, absorbs and releases heat slowly, and lubricates?

A

Water

174
Q

What inorganic compound is involved in digestion, the elimination of wastes, circulation, and the regulation of body temperature?

A

Water

175
Q

How do inorganic compounds differ from organic compounds?

A

Inorganic compound- no carbon, held by ionic or covalent bonds

Organic compound- contain carbon and hydrogen, held only by covalent bonds

176
Q

What is the study of cellular structure and function?

A

Cell biology

177
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

178
Q

What forms a cells flexible outer surface, separating the cells internal environment from its external. Regulating the flow of material in and out of the cell to maintain appropriate environment for normal cellular activity, and plays a key role in communication among cells?

A

Plasma membrane

179
Q

What part of the cell consists all the cellular content between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm

180
Q

What are the 2 components of cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol

Organelles

181
Q

What is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm that consists mostly of water plus dissolved solutes and suspended particles?

A

Cytosol

182
Q

What is the largest organelle of a cell?

A

Nucleus

183
Q

What part of the cell acts as a control center for a cell, contains genes, which control cellular structure and most cellular activities?

A

Nucleus

184
Q

What is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that consists mostly of lipids and proteins?

A

Plasma membrane

185
Q

What is the basic framework of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer

2 tail to tail layer made up of 3 types of lipid molecules

186
Q

What are the 3 types of lipid molecules found in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids( lipids that contain phosphorus
Cholesterol
Glycolipids( lipids attached to carbohydrates

187
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral

Peripheral

188
Q

What protein extends into the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails?

A

Integral proteins

189
Q

What proteins are loosely attached to the exterior or interior surface of the plasma membrane?

A

Peripheral protiens

190
Q

What is the property of the plasma membrane to allow some substances to move into and out of the cell while restricting the passage of other substances?

A

Selective permeability

191
Q

What portion of the cell membrane allows the passage of water and non polar lipid soluble molecules while restricting substances such as ions, glucose and amino acids?

A

Lipid portion

192
Q

What protein can form ion channels through which specific ions such as potassium ions (K+) can move in and out of the cell?

A

Integral proteins

193
Q

What part of the cell membrane can act as carriers(transporters) that change shape as they move substances from one side of the membrane to another?

A

Protiens

194
Q

Large molecules such as proteins are unable to pass through the plasma membrane except by?

A

Transport within vesicles

195
Q

What receptors recognize and bind a specific molecule that governs some cellular function?

A

Integral protiens

196
Q

What proteins can act as enzyme, speeding up specific chemical reactions?

A

Integral protiens

197
Q

What part of the membrane act as cell identity markers, e ranking a cell to recognize other cells of its own kind during tissue formation, or recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells?

A

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

198
Q

What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

199
Q

What is the fluid contained inside body cells?

A

Intracellular fluid(ICF)

200
Q

How much ICF is in a cell body?

A

Two thirds

201
Q

What is the fluid outside of a cell called?

A

Extracellular fluid(ECF)

202
Q

ECF found in the spaces between cells of tissues is called?

A

Interstitial fluid

203
Q

What is the ECF in the blood vessels called?

A

Plasma

204
Q

What is the ECF found in the lymphatic vessels called?

A

Lymph

205
Q

What is the material dissolved in a fluid?

A

Solute

206
Q

What is the fluid of which a solute is dissolved?

A

Solvent

207
Q

What is the measure for the amount of solute in a solvent?

A

Concentration

208
Q

What is the measure of high and low concentrations?

A

Concentration gradients

209
Q

What is it called when molecules move down their concentration gradient using kinetic energy until equilibrium is established?

A

Passive transport

210
Q

What are some examples of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

211
Q

What is the movement of a substance though the lipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower until equilibrium is reached?

A

Simple diffusion

212
Q

What are some lipid soluble substances that move across membranes by simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Fatty acids
Steroids

213
Q

What are some polar molecules that move though the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion?

A

Water

Urea

214
Q

What is important in the exchange of octane carbon-dioxide and between blood and air in the lungs?

A

Simple diffusion

215
Q

How do molecules that cannot move through the bilayer by simple diffusion such as glucose?

A

Facilitated diffusion

216
Q

What is the process of a molecule binding to an integral protein and moving through the membrane after the carrier undergoes a change in shape?

A

Facilitated protein

217
Q

How do ions move across the membrane?

A

Ion channels

218
Q

What is the passive process of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low until equilibrium is reached?

A

Osmosis

219
Q

What is a solution with equal concentration of solute and solvents on either side of the membrane?

A

Isotonic

220
Q

In what solution does water enter and leaves the cells at the rate. Cells maintain normal shape and volume?

A

Isotonic

221
Q

What solution has a low concentration of solute and a high concentration of solvent?

A

Hypotonic

222
Q

What solution can cause cells(such as red blood cells) to rupture as the water moves into the cells?

A

Hypotonic

223
Q

What is the solution that has a high concentration of solute and a low concentration of solvent

A

Hypertonic

224
Q

What solution can cause cells(such as red blood cells to shrink(cremate) as water moves out of the cells?

A

Hypertonic

225
Q

What is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

226
Q

What uses energy derived from splitting ATP changes the shape of the protein to move the substances across the cellular membrane against a concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

227
Q

What are the 2 types of active transports?

A

Pumps involving carrier proteins

Transport within vesicles

228
Q

What is the most important protein pump?

A

Sodium-potassium

229
Q

The sodium-potassium pump maintenance of what crucial concentration for normal nerve and muscle function?

A

High level of potassium in ICF

High concentration of sodium in ECF

230
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

Bulk-phase endocytosis

231
Q

Endocytosis substances enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane form what? That brings it into the cell?

A

Vesicles

232
Q

What is the process used by white blood cells to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign agents?

A

Phagocytosis

233
Q

What is the ingestion of large, solid particles via the use of plasma membrane projection called pseudopods?

A

Phagocytosis(cell eating)

234
Q

What is the ingestion of tiny droplets of ECF?

I’m this process the vesicles surrounds the ECF

A

Bulk-phase endocytosis

235
Q

Bulk- phase endocytosis is also known as?

A

Pinocytosis(cell drinking)

236
Q

What is the movement of substances out of the cell by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane, resulting of a secretion of the substance in the ECF?

A

Exocytosis

237
Q

What is the spherical or oval structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell?

A

Nucleus

238
Q

Most body cells of one nucleus, some such as mature red blood cells and skeletal muscle cells along with other types have how many?

A

Mature red blood cells- 0

Skeletal muscles cells- several

239
Q

What is the double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

240
Q

What are the many openings on the nuclear envelope that control movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear pores

241
Q

What kind of layers make up the nuclear envelope?

A

Lipid bilayer

242
Q

What are the one or more spherical bodies inside the nucleus?

A

Nucleoli

Nucleolus(singular)

243
Q

What clusters of protein, DNA, and RNA assemble ribosomes?

A

Nucleoli

244
Q

What exits the nuclear pores and participates in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?

A

Ribosomes

245
Q

Cells that synthesize large amounts of protein, such as muscle and liver cells, have what kind of nucleoli?

A

Prominent nucleoli

246
Q

What controls cellular structure and directs most cellular activities?

A

Genes

247
Q

The genes of a cell are located where?

A

Nucleus

248
Q

The nuclear genes are arranged along what?

A

Chromosomes

249
Q

Human somatic(body) cells have how many chromosomes?

A

46

23 from each parent

250
Q

The 46 chromosomes of a cell not dividing appears as a diffused granular mass called?

A

Chromatin

251
Q

What is the total genetic information carried in a cell or organism?

A

Genome

252
Q

The average human adult is composed of how many cells?

A

Nearly 100 trillion

200 different cell types

253
Q

What is the unit of measurement for cells?

A

Micrometers

254
Q

One micrometer is equal to how many many meters?

A

1 one-millionth of a meter

255
Q

What is the largest cell?

A

Oocyte(140 micrometers)

256
Q

A red blood cells is how many micrometers?

A

8

257
Q

What determines a cells shape?

A

Function in the body

258
Q

What greatly increase a cells surface area?

A

Microvilli

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