1 Flashcards
statistical deviance
relative infrequency of certain emotions, cognitions and or behaviors
barriers to care
factors that hinder access to mental health services
stigmatization
negative attitudes/emotions/behaviorsrelated to the disorder
Physiological models
explain the development of psychopathology, its course, and its treatment in terms of biological factors.
Behavior genetics:
the study of the joint effects of genes and environments. the focus is on the relationship of genetic variation and physiological traits, symptoms and disorders
Molecular genetics
studies of the effects of specific genes at the DNA level
Gene-by-environment effects
genetic differences in exposure to environments
type of gene-by-environment effects
Passive (Parents transmit both genes and environment to their children)
Reactive (Child’s gene makeup and reactions from others)
Active (Child’s gene makeup and child’s selection of experiences)
Gene-by-environment interactions
differential sensitivity to experience due to
differences in genotype
Additive genetic variance
individual differences causes by the independent effects of genes that add up
Diathesis-stress model
combination of underlying predispositions (risk factors related to, for example, structural abnormalities or early occurring trauma) and additional factors (such as further physiological or environmental events) that lead to the development of psychopathology
Psychodynamic models
emphasize that unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes; mental representations of self, others and relationships; the subjectivity of experience; and a developmental perspective on individual adjustment and maladjustment.
Behavioral models:
emphasize the individual’s observable behavior within a specific moment
Cognitive models
focusses on the components and processes of the mind and mental development
Neoconstructivist approach
an emphasis on evolutionary contexts, experience-expectant learning, and both qualitative and quantitative change across development
Humanistic models
emphasize personally meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the child’s purposeful creation of a self.
Sociocultural models
that emphasize the importance of the social context, including gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, in the development, course and treatment of psychopathology.
Ecological models
emphasizes the immediate environments, or “behavior setting”, in which children grow and make sense of their lives, including their homes, classrooms, neighborhoods and communities.
Birth cohort
individuals born in a particular historical period who share key experiences and events.
Continuity
abnormal development is stable
discontinuity
abnormal behavior will change over time
Coherence
the logical and meaningful links between early developmental variables and later outcomes
Competence
reflects effective functioning related to relevant age-related tasks and issues; evaluations of competence are embedded in the environment within which development occurs
Developmental cascades
cumulative consequences of interactions and transactions that spread across domains and over time
Translational research
research designed, conducted, and interpreted with meaningful applications and social value in mind.
Interrater reliability
the measure of whether two or more clinicians, gathering information about one child’s developmental history and current difficulties, come to the same decision about the type of disorder.
Cross-time reliability
the measure of whether a child is similarly diagnosed by the same clinician at two different points in time.
Internal validity
in the context of classification, reflect to the degree to which children with the same diagnosis have similar developmental histories and current symptom pictures.
External validity
validity reflects the degree to which a diagnosis provides useful information about the implications (i.e. likely outcomes effective treatments) of a disorder.
Externalizing dimension:
problematic patters that are directed outward toward others (e.g. disruptive or aggressive behavior). With under controlled behaviors such as oppositional or aggressive behaviors that are often directed at others
Internalizing dimension
overcontrolled behaviors such as anxiety or social isolation that are often directed toward the self.
Heterogeneity:
involves the way in which children with the same disorder or diagnosis display idiosyncratic sets of difficulties or symptoms
Differential diagnosis
decisions about mutually exclusive categories of disorder.
Diagnostic efficiency:
: the degree to which clinicians maximize diagnostic hits and minimize diagnostic misses.
