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Question 1

statistical deviance

Answer 1

relative infrequency of certain emotions, cognitions and or behaviors

Question 2

barriers to care

Answer 2

factors that hinder access to mental health services

Question 3

stigmatization

Answer 3

negative attitudes/emotions/behaviorsrelated to the disorder

Question 4

Physiological models

Answer 4

explain the development of psychopathology, its course, and its treatment in terms of biological factors.

Question 5

Behavior genetics:

Answer 5

the study of the joint effects of genes and environments. the focus is on the relationship of genetic variation and physiological traits, symptoms and disorders

Question 6

Molecular genetics

Answer 6

studies of the effects of specific genes at the DNA level

Question 7

Gene-by-environment effects

Answer 7

genetic differences in exposure to environments

Question 8

type of gene-by-environment effects

Answer 8

Passive (Parents transmit both genes and environment to their children)
Reactive (Child’s gene makeup and reactions from others)
Active (Child’s gene makeup and child’s selection of experiences)

Question 9

Gene-by-environment interactions

Answer 9

differential sensitivity to experience due to

differences in genotype

Question 10

Additive genetic variance

Answer 10

individual differences causes by the independent effects of genes that add up

Question 11

Diathesis-stress model

Answer 11

combination of underlying predispositions (risk factors related to, for example, structural abnormalities or early occurring trauma) and additional factors (such as further physiological or environmental events) that lead to the development of psychopathology

Question 12

Psychodynamic models

Answer 12

emphasize that unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes; mental representations of self, others and relationships; the subjectivity of experience; and a developmental perspective on individual adjustment and maladjustment.

Question 13

Behavioral models:

Answer 13

emphasize the individual’s observable behavior within a specific moment

Question 14

Cognitive models

Answer 14

focusses on the components and processes of the mind and mental development

Question 15

Neoconstructivist approach

Answer 15

an emphasis on evolutionary contexts, experience-expectant learning, and both qualitative and quantitative change across development

Question 16

Humanistic models

Answer 16

emphasize personally meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the child’s purposeful creation of a self.

Question 17

Sociocultural models

Answer 17

that emphasize the importance of the social context, including gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, in the development, course and treatment of psychopathology.

Question 18

Ecological models

Answer 18

emphasizes the immediate environments, or “behavior setting”, in which children grow and make sense of their lives, including their homes, classrooms, neighborhoods and communities.

Question 19

Birth cohort

Answer 19

individuals born in a particular historical period who share key experiences and events.

Question 20

Continuity

Answer 20

abnormal development is stable

Question 21

discontinuity

Answer 21

abnormal behavior will change over time

Question 22

Coherence

Answer 22

the logical and meaningful links between early developmental variables and later outcomes

Question 23

Competence

Answer 23

reflects effective functioning related to relevant age-related tasks and issues; evaluations of competence are embedded in the environment within which development occurs

Question 24

Developmental cascades

Answer 24

cumulative consequences of interactions and transactions that spread across domains and over time

Question 25

Translational research

Answer 25

research designed, conducted, and interpreted with meaningful applications and social value in mind.

Question 26

Interrater reliability

Answer 26

the measure of whether two or more clinicians, gathering information about one child’s developmental history and current difficulties, come to the same decision about the type of disorder.

Question 27

Cross-time reliability

Answer 27

the measure of whether a child is similarly diagnosed by the same clinician at two different points in time.

Question 28

Internal validity

Answer 28

in the context of classification, reflect to the degree to which children with the same diagnosis have similar developmental histories and current symptom pictures.

Question 29

External validity

Answer 29

validity reflects the degree to which a diagnosis provides useful information about the implications (i.e. likely outcomes effective treatments) of a disorder.

Question 30

Externalizing dimension:

Answer 30

problematic patters that are directed outward toward others (e.g. disruptive or aggressive behavior). With under controlled behaviors such as oppositional or aggressive behaviors that are often directed at others

Question 31

Internalizing dimension

Answer 31

overcontrolled behaviors such as anxiety or social isolation that are often directed toward the self.

Question 32

Heterogeneity:

Answer 32

involves the way in which children with the same disorder or diagnosis display idiosyncratic sets of difficulties or symptoms

Question 33

Differential diagnosis

Answer 33

decisions about mutually exclusive categories of disorder.

Question 34

Diagnostic efficiency:

Answer 34

: the degree to which clinicians maximize diagnostic hits and minimize diagnostic misses.