Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OU PA BIOCHEM > 1-10 > Flashcards

1-10 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the body produce energy?

A

Energy released during the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to CO2 and H2O is released gradually to form Energy containing packets of ATP molecules. ATP is then used as a energy source and driving many biochemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two forms of energy storage for ATP?

A

Glycogen and triglycerides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the general principle pertaining to the direction of chemical reactions?

A

Chemical reactions proceed in that direction which the bonds are more stable and in which energy is released.

“Energy is released is unstable bonds are broken and more stable ones are formed”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reducing agent

A

Supplies hydrogen atoms or electrons in chemical reactions.

-examples: NADH, NADPH, FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Receives hydrogen atoms or electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

The conservation of energy: the total energy on one side of an equation equals the total energy on the other side of the equation.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Things tend to proceed from the state of order to a state of disorder.

  • entropy being a term used to describe the degree of disorder.
  • Low entropy to high entropy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enzyme

A

Special proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Oxidation by a series of reactions requiring 02 at the end COUPLED WITH phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe how chemical reactions in the human body seem to conflict with the first and second law of thermodynamics as well as how they do comply?

A

Chemical reactions often perceived from simple molecules two more complex ones.

The body grows and is maintained versus the case. Appears to be greater order then disorder.

Although chemical synthesis proceeds partly to produce greater order, and structure and function, they are accompanied by an even greater disorder produced in the dissipation of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Determinants of the rate of chemical reactions in the body

A

Energy of activation, temperature, concentration of substrate, and concentration of product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do two-way enzymatic reactions not compete against one another?

A

The reactions each way are different, containing different substrates depending on the direction, each way uses a different enzyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism behind malignant hyperthermia?

A

When two-way reactions inappropriately simultaneously occur in the human body, with excess heat production to the extent of death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the differences between enzymes and hormones in chemical reactions?

A

Enzyme – control the reaction rate

Poor man’s – directly or indirectly affect the degree of enzyme synthesis or activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the key fuel that runs the main powerhouse Ferris wheel (Krebs cycle)

A

Acetyl CoA which is formed when glucose is broken in half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the key fuel produced by the Krebs cycle?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the key elements needed to run the Krebs cycle?

A

Oxygen because without it oxidative phosphorylation could not occur in the fermentation process would be the result yielding carbon dioxide and lactic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the total number of ATP molecules generated by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined?

A

36.

Glycolysis – uses two, produces four, equals two total

Krebs/Oxidative Phosphorylation - 30 total

Glycerol 3 Phosphate Shuttle - 4 total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the source of energy for the Krebs cycle during periods of starvation?

A

Amino acids: this is however bad because it leads to the breakdown of important proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism?

A

If there’s not enough 02, you need a way to replenish NAD+. There’s no oxidative phosphorylation so, pyruvate transforms to lactate. If anaerobic, then only 2 ATP are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What organ systems are involved in glycolysis process of the main power house?

A

Occurs throughout the body.

22
Q

What organ systems are involved in Gluconeogenesis of the main power house?

A

Mainly liver, sometimes the kidneys.

23
Q

List the sections of biochemistry and the intracellular organs were they occur.

A

Nucleus – DNA and RNA synthesis.

Cytosol – glycolysis, protein synthesis, HMP shunt, part of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus- synthesis (glycosylation) and packaging of complex molecules including glycolipids, glycoproteins and lipoproteins, carbohydrates synthesis.

Mitochondria – crib cycle, fatty acid oxidation, formation of acetyl CoA, part of gluconeogenesis.

24
Q

List the chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O2

25
Q

What are the four types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simple carbohydrates, they contain 3,4,5,6 carbons. (Fructose, glucose, galactose)

Disaccharides – combinations of two monosaccharides (maltose glucose + glucose) (sucrose glucose + fructose) (lactose glucose + galactose)

Oligosaccharides- contain 3-6 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides- contain more than 6 monosaccharides

26
Q

Describe the importance of ribose in the penthouse powerhouse of Hydrate land in the HMP shunt

A

Ribose is an important component of nucleotides like ATP DNA and RNA; it is also part of NADH, FAD, and the CoA of acetyl-CoA; ribose can be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

27
Q

List three important functions of carbohydrates in the body

A
  1. Storage in generation of energy
  2. Important structural components, both intracellular and extracellular (glycolipids)
  3. Maybe transformed into other, totally different kinds of molecules, like amino acids lipids and nucleic acids.
    - when carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids a form glycolipids and glycoproteins.
28
Q

What are the enzymes required to break down glycogen into the form of glucose that can be used by the body, and identify were each is located?

A
  1. Phosphorylase – liver and muscle
  2. Salivary and pancreatic amylase – G.I. tract
  3. Lysosomal alpha–glucosidase – all cells throughout the body
29
Q

What is the product of phosphorylase reaction of glycogen breakdown?

A

Glucose – 1 – P

30
Q

What is the product of the amylase reaction of glycogen breakdown?

A

Maltose to maltase. Which can then be broken down later into glucose.

31
Q

Describe the function of insulin in the body

A

Insulin is an anabolic hormone that signals the fed state.

  • it reacts to feeding by clearing the blood of glucose, storing fuel, and promoting glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis.
  • it stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis, the silicates entry of glucose into muscle and fat cells decreasing blood glucose.
32
Q

Describe the function of epinephrine and glucagon, and identify where each is located

A

Epinephrine – more effective in muscle

Glucagon – more effective and liver

They are both hormones that promote glycogen breakdown, acting opposite to Enslin; restore blood glucose levels by and Hanson glycogen breakdown, decreasing glycogen synthesis, decreasing glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis and stimulating gluconeogenesis.

33
Q

Describe the function of glucuronate and product of carbohydrate land

A

They can join with drugs, thereby and activating them in facilitating the excretion. Please important role in conjugation excretion of Bilirubin

34
Q

Seven functions of lipids in the body

A
  1. provide fuel – Fatty acids, upon breakdown form acetyl COA, NADH, and FADH; stored as triglycerides
  2. Compose cell membranes
  3. Steroid hormones – sidechains a touch of the C-17 carbon
    - sex hormones – estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
    - glucocorticoids – Cortizone, cause arise in serum glucose levels
    - mineralocorticoids – aldosterone, retain sodium in the body
  4. by lessons – part polar and nonpolar which facilitates they’re functioning as detergents, which bind to lipids and surrounding polar medium; emulsify fat in the gut
  5. Prostaglandins – have diverse hormonelike functions
  6. Fat-soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K
  7. Lipids can combine with carbohydrates are proteins to create glycolipids and lipoproteins
35
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated – contain only single bonds

Unsaturated – those that contain double bonds between some carbon atoms

36
Q

What’s the amount of energy provided by lipids carbohydrates and proteins

A

Lipids 9 kcal/gram

Carbohydrates 4 kcal/g

Proteins 4 kcal/g

37
Q

Describe the role of lipids one Saram glucose is low

A

Breakdown to triglycerides, the glycerol part of which can be used to produce more glucose

38
Q

Describe insulins role in lipid metabolism

A

Insulin inhibits lipid breakdown by a number of mechanisms and increases the synthesis of glycogen, fatty acids, triglycerides and, proteins; reducing the level of cyclic AMP, promotes the transfer of glucose into cells which can be converted and stored as triglycerides

39
Q

Define essential fatty acid

A

Required in the diet, as we cannot synthesize their double bonds, example linoleate and lenolenate

40
Q

Ketone

A

Produced in the course of breakdown of fatty acids

41
Q

Hydroxylation

A

Used to detoxify certain drugs; and oxidoreductase that facilicates couples oxidation of two donors with incorporation of oxygen into one of the donors, oxidation of the other donor and formation of water

42
Q

List the organs that can utilize ketones as fuel

A

Brain during starvation and cardiac muscle

43
Q

Describe the disease state the elevated key tones in the blood may indicate

A

DM type 1

44
Q

Name the form in which lipids are stored

A

Triglycerides they can be reverted to fatty acids and glycerol and can be used as fuel

45
Q

List the function of prostaglandins?

A

Fatty acids containing 20 carbons arranged as five C ring with two legs

Smooth muscle contraction – blood pressure, blood flow, degree of bronchial constriction and uterine contraction

Platelet aggregation

Inflammatory response – act is chemotactic agents, attracting leukocytes to the site of inflammation

Appear to increased pain and fever, induce sleep or wakefulness

46
Q

Describe the chemical structure that differentiates glycerol from Serine

A

Glycerol is used in the storage of fatty acid’s and has a hydroxyl group and it’s middle carbon and a hydroxyl group on the first carbon

Serine is used in the storage of sphingolipids. Serine has an amine group on the middle carbon and a carboxylic acid group on the first C

47
Q

What’s the structure and function of ceremide

A

Are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of cells. Can act as signaling molecule regulating The differentiation, proliferation, programmed cell deat (apoptosis)

48
Q

Structure and function of sphyingomyelins

A

Found in cell membranes and especially in the myelin sheaths that surround nerve axons

= ceramide plus a phosphorylcholine group

49
Q

Function and structure of cerebrosides

A

Are found in myelin sheaths of nerves, and nervous tissues both gray and white matter of the brain and our major constituents of oligodendrocytes of the CNS

They ceramide plus glucose or galactose

50
Q

Structure and function of ganglioside

A

Can be found on the surface of oligosaccharides and provide cells with distinguishing surface markers that can serve in cellular recognition and cell to cell communication

Hey ceremide plus in oligosaccharide and sialic acid

51
Q

List biological functions of cholesterol

A

Give rise to fat-soluble vitamins and coenzyme Q (used an electron transport)

LDL needed in the body. It occurs naturally in the body and is essential for bodily functions vital for life. LDL is also vital because it transferred to sensual fatty acids into cells

Cholesteryl necessary for lipid bilayer of cell membranes over 90% of cholesterol is from body cells. If there is not enough cholesterol on the cell membrane, the walls lose the rigidity and expand outward, due to the inner pressure of the cell, leading to possible so damage or lysis.

Cholesterol is essential for life. Over 90% cholesterol found the body cells, where it give integrity to the cell structure and regulates to wait for nutrients and waste products

OU PA BIOCHEM (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions