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A&P Test 3 > 09/25 > Flashcards

09/25 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory information goes what direction in the spinal cord?

A

up

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2
Q

Motor information goes what direction in the spinal cord?

A

down

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3
Q

Which pathways are there more of? Sensory or motor

A

sensory

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4
Q

What kind of sensory sensors do we have?

A

pressure
temperature
vibration
pain

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5
Q

Where does decision making happen in the spinal cord?

A

The grey matter

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6
Q

What is the grey matter of the spinal cord made of?

A

cell bodies and part of neurons that communicate with each other,
lots of synapses.

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7
Q

What does “tract” refer to?

A

a bundle of axons within the CNS

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8
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the PNS?

A

Nerves

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9
Q

The main descending motor pathways are separated into what groups?

A

pyramidal tract
Extrapyramidal Tract

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10
Q

What does the Pyramidal tract take care of?

A

The primary motor function we think of: moving an arm or leg around
primarily voluntary

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11
Q

What does the extrapyramidal tract take care of?

A

accessory motor pathways that help us coordinate complex tasks
primarily involuntary(we don’t have realization or knowledge of these)
-help us find tune our motor commands

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12
Q

What is the ascending sensory pathway called?

A

dorsal column pathways

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13
Q

Where does the dorsal column pathway sit?

A

in the back of the cord- dorsal column

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14
Q

What do the does the dorsal column pathway do?

A

transmit information regarding pressure sensors located in the skin
Perception
helps us figure out if we’re holding onto something or have our hands in the air

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15
Q

Where are the pain signals sent in the spinal cord?

A

in the anterolateral system

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16
Q

What are the 2 pathways that pain can take in the spinal cord?

A

the lateral or anterior routes

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17
Q

What is another term that is used to describe pain pathways in the spine besides anterolateral system?

A

spinalthalamic tracts or pathways

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18
Q

Pain travels through the _____ and then the _______ followed by the ______ which is why it is called spinal thalamic tracts

A

cord within the spine
thalamus
parietal cortex where it can be sorted out

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19
Q

What are some ways the parietal cortex sorts pain information it receives?

A

where is the bad pain coming from?
How severe is it?

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20
Q

What is Rexed’s Laminae?

A

A way to divide up and name the parts of grey matter in the cord

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21
Q

In what direction is Rexed’s Laminae numbered?

A

back to front

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22
Q

The most dorsal part of the grey matter found in the horn (the tip) is called

A

Lamina I

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23
Q

What is lamina I known for?

A

Part of the cord that sends fast pain up to the brain

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24
Q

What kind of neuron is fast pain transmitted through?

A

Myelinated pain fibers (nociceptors)
These are A-Delta fibers

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25
Fast pain comes in through the dorsal root, through the rootlet, into the cord, and has synapses on
Lamina I
26
After pain is in Lamina I where does it go?
It crosses over to the other side of the cord and ascends into an anterolateral pathway
27
Anterior to lamina I in the dorsal horn is
Lamina II and Lamina III collectively known as Substantia Gelatinosa
28
What is another name for Lamina I?
Lamina Marginalis
29
What does the Substantia Gelatinosa send to the brain?
Slow pain
30
Sometimes with slow pain there is also synaptic connections to _______ in addition to the substantia gelatinosa
Lamina V
31
Slow pain is typically routed through
non-myelinated nociceptors C Fibers
32
Where does slow pain signals go after the Substantia gelatinosa?
The signal hops over to the other side of the cord and goes up towards the brain via the anterolateral or spinal thalamic pathway
33
What relays information to Lamina I-VI?
mechanoreceptors found in the hands and skin
34
Where are our motor neuron bodies headquartered?
in the anterior horn
35
What activates the motor neurons?
The descending motor pathways
36
How many different Laminae are there in the grey matter of the spinal cord?
IX
37
Where is lamina X?
around the central canal
38
What does lamina X allow for?
signals to be routed to the opposite side of the cord
39
The portion of tissue that can relay information to the other side of the cord that's made of white matter is called the
anterior white commisur
40
How many different categories of spinal tracts are there?
5
41
Spinal cerebellar tracts are ____ tracts that send information from the spinal cord up to the ______
sensory Cerebellum
42
What is the major pressure/touch sensory pathway?
the dorsal column Medial Lemniscal system DCML
43
Where does the dorsal column medial lemniscal system travel and what does it pass through?
the dorsal column , medial lemniscus
44
What is another name for the pyramidal tracts? Why?
corticospinal pathway. The signal originates in the cerebral cortex at the motor cortex and then pass through the spine.
45
Which direction does information go through the corticospinal pathway?
Descending
46
What kind of neurons are found in the DCML?
A fibers: alpha, beta, gama, delta
47
What is the major sensory pathway that takes care of senses other than pain?
Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
48
Are DCML's fast or slow?
very fast
49
The left side of the nervous system takes care of the function on the ______ side of the body
right and vice versa
50
In the dorsal column pathway, where does the crossover happen?
medulla
51
What are the two routes that somatosensory information entering from the dorsal rootlets can go?
the grey matter of the cord one of the ascending pathways in the dorsal columns to the medulla
52
The somatosensory information that enters from the dorsal rootlet and stays in the grey matter of the cord can do what?
lateral inhibition modulation of some of the activity in the cord
53
The higher we go up in the cord, the ______ the dorsal columns are going to be
wider/larger d/t more information being fed into these from the trunk, arms, neck, etc.
54
What do the lower extremities feed information into?
fasciculus gracilis
55
How can you remember that the lower extremities feed into the fasciculus gracilis?
There is a leg muscle called the gracilis muscle
56
As we go higher in the spinal cord, we add to the _______ of the dorsal column
lateral sides
57
What is the portion of the DCML pathway that sits to the lateral sides of the fasciculus gracilis?
The Fasciculus cuneatus
58
What is fed into the fasciculus cuneatus?
The sensory information coming from the upper extremities
59
What is a very, very sensitive pathway and is able to pick up very small changes in the pressure?
the DCLM pathways both fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
60
If someone tickles your foot with a feather, what is the pathway that information is going to take?
through the dorsal root dorsal root ganglia dorsal rootlets into the dorsal column -Fasciculus gracilis Sensory is added in the fasciculus cuneatus Lower part of the medulla is where it crosses over goes through the medial lemniscus ventrobasal complex of thalamus Internal capsule parietal lobe
61
What is the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus in charge of?
running sensory information up towards the parietal lobe of the brain
62
Where is the internal capsule?
between the thalamus and parietal lobe of the brain
63
What is another name for the parietal lobe section that somatosensory information gets sent to?
Post central gyrus
64
Where is the post central gyrus?
immediately behind the central sulcus
65
Different parts of the body's sensory information are taken care of by different parts of the ________
parietal lobe/ sensory cortex
66
Which part of the parietal lobe takes care of the lower extremities?
The top part
67
The area of the parietal lobe that is more in the middle of the brain takes care of what part of the body?
trunk
68
The area of the parietal lobe that is below the middle portion of the brain takes care of what part of the body?
upper extremities
69
What does the lateral borders of the parietal lobe get information from?
face
70
If we have a stroke in the top part of the parietal lobe, we would expect to see what part of the body effected?
lower extremities
71
What is the homunculus?
a picture that shows which part of the body is going to be taken care of by which part of the parietal lobe
72
on the homunculus, the face is taken care of by which portion of the parietal lobe?
bottom lateral portion of the parietal lobe
73
on the homunculus, the lower extremities are taken care of by which portion of the parietal lobe?
the area more midline
74
the amount of area that you have processing all this information in the brain is proportional to the number of
sensory receptors we have in that part of the body.
75
How many pressure sensors do we have in the hands and face?
tons and tons and tons
76
in order to have really detailed information processed in the parietal lobe, we have to have
a lot of different pressure sensors in a large quantity
77
The amount of tissue in the parietal lobe that processes sensory information is proportional to the ______________
number of sensory receptors that feeds that specific area
78
What is one of the lower density areas (has few sensory connections) that take up a smaller portion of the parietal lobe?
Trunk
79
Why are the pyramidal tracts called that?
they pass through the pyramids in the brainstem
80
What are the 2 portions of the pyramidal tract?
primary descending motor pathway secondary descending motor pathway
81
Primary motor pathway:
signals originates in the motor cortex which is part of the frontal lobe and on the way down it passes through the internal capsule right outside of the thalamus Part of the brainstem: medulla at a specific part called the pyramids. this is where it **crosses over** down the cord via lateral corticospinal tracts activation of our motor neurons that are in the anterior horn or the spinal cord at the level it is associated with
82
What percent of our motor functions get passed through the primary motor descending pathway?
80% or 4/5
83
Where are the pyramids of the brainstem located?
anterior part of the medulla
84
What is another name for the pyramids?
medullary pyramids
85
What is the place in the medullary pyramids called where cross over happens?
pyramidal decussation
86
Where do signals originate that travel through the lateral corticospinal tract?
From the motor cortex
87
What does the decussation look like?
crosshatch pattern found in the anterior portion of the brainstem
88
what are the ridges called on the medulla?
pyramids
89
secondary motor pathway is sent down which area of the spinal cord?
anterior motor pathways, a lot smaller than the lateral tracts.
90
What percent of motor function goes through the secondary motor pathway?
17%
91
What is the main difference between the primary and secondary motor pathways?
Where they cross over
92
Where does the secondary motor pathways cross over?
In the spinal cord in the level where the tract talks to the motor neuron in the anterior horn
93
secondary motor pathway:
signals originates in the motor cortex which is part of the frontal lobe travels down the anterior part of the spinal cord crosses over in the cord at the level it needs to work activation of our motor neurons that are in the anterior horn or the spinal cord at the level it is associated with
94
What percent of our motor information does not cross to the other side of the body at all?
2-3%
95
What is an example of a motor function that does not cross to the other side of the body?
Smidt doesn't know!!
96
The pain system transmits pain sensations via what 2 routes
fast pain signal slow pain signal
97
both types of pain routes travel through the
spinal thalamic/ anterolateral tracts
98
what determines which specific pathway pain takes?
if it's a fast or slow pain
99
What is one way that the body modulates pain?
a descending pain inhibitory complex
100
What do we use as targets for our analgesia drugs?

A&P Test 3 (7 decks)

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