09/25

Question 1

what is the cardinal symptom of acute pericarditis

Answer 1

chest pain

(varies in intensity, precordial or retrosternal, worsens with chest movement)

Question 2

what is the pathognomonic sign of acute pericarditis

Answer 2

pericardial friction rub

Question 3

how is pericardial friction rub, as present in acute pericarditis, best heard

Answer 3

left lower sternal border at the end of expiration with the patient sitting up and leaning forward (this brings the heart closer to the chest wall)

Question 4

what are some symptoms of pleural effusion

Answer 4

hoarseness
hiccups
dysphagia
dyspnea/tachypnea

due to compression of adjacent structures and nerves

Question 5

small pleural effusion may have no symptoms, however large effusions may cause __ or __

Answer 5

absent apical pulse/soft heart sounds
Ewart’s sign (dullness below angle of left scapula)

Question 6

what is cardiac tamponade

Answer 6

accumulation of pericardial fluid sufficient enough to cause obstruction to the inflow of blood into the heart leading to increased increased pericardial pressure, decreased EDV, and low CO

HR is increased to attempt to compensate for the decreased CO

Question 7

Beck’s triad is seen in what cardiac condition

Answer 7

cardiac tamponade

Question 8

what makes up Beck’s triad

Answer 8

soft/absent heart sounds
jugular venous distention
hypotension

Question 9

what cardiac condition can cause paradoxical pulse

Answer 9

cardiac tamponade due to compression of left ventricle as a result of increased VR

*with an increase in VR to the right side of the heart, the left side must fill less due to limited space. as a result, there is a decrease in systolic BP

Question 10

what are the symptoms of chronic constrictive pericarditis

Answer 10

muffled heart sounds
pericardial knock after S2
jugular venous distention
hepatomegaly
ascites
paradoxical pulse

Question 11

what is Kussmaul’s sign

Answer 11

raised jugular venous pressure which rises further on inspiration

Question 12

Kussmaul’s sign is seen in what cardiac condition

Answer 12

chronic constrictive pericarditis

Question 13

what is the cause of chronic constrictive pericarditis

Answer 13

abnormal pericardial thickening resulting in impaired ventricular filling and decreased CO

Question 14

what is the most effective treatment for chronic constrictive pericarditis

Answer 14

pericardiectomy

Question 15

what ECG characteristics are present acute pericardits

Answer 15

concave ST elevation and PR depression in all leads but aVR and V1