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MPH > 0701 > Flashcards

0701 Flashcards

1
Q

What are dichotomous variables?

A

Two possible variables, i.e. Yes/No, Dead/Alive, Employed/Unemployed, etc.

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2
Q

What are two other terms for dichotomous variables?

A

Indicator or binary variables.

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3
Q

What are categorical variables?

A

Variables with a fixed number of response options that have no inherent order to them, such as religious affiliation.

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4
Q

What graphic best describes categorical variables?

A

A bar chart.

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5
Q

What is another term for categorical variables?

A

Nominal variables.

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6
Q

What are ordinal variables?

A

More that two variables and the variables have an order or implicit ranking, such as <30 minutes, 30-180 minutes, >180 minutes.

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7
Q

What graphic best describes ordinal variables?

A

A histogram.

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8
Q

What are continuous variables?

A

Variables that assume any value between a given minimum and a maximum. These are very common in biological measurements, such as systolic blood pressure or weight.

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9
Q

What is another term for continuous variables?

A

Measurement variables.

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10
Q

What graphic best describes a continuous variable?

A

A box and whisker plot.

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11
Q

What are percentages also referred to as?

A

Frequencies.

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12
Q

What is the mean?

A

Typical averaging.

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13
Q

What is the median?

A

The center most value in odd numbers, the split between even numbers.

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14
Q

x denotes what?

A

The variable we are analyzing.

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15
Q

x with a line over it (x-bar) denotes what?

A

The mean.

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16
Q

If there is an extreme difference between the mean and median, is the mean or median a better representation?

A

The median.

17
Q

If the is a typical value or central tendency, is the mean or median a better representation?

A

The mean.

18
Q

What is the sample variance formula?

A

Sigma (x-xbar)^2 divided by n-1.

19
Q

What is the standard deviation formula

A

The square root of the sample variance.

20
Q

What is the critical measure of variability and dispersion in data when we are looking at continuous measurements?

A

The standard deviation.

21
Q

What is the empirical rule approximates?

A

68%, 95%, and 99.7%.

22
Q

A symmetric distribution is one where?

A

The mean is equal to the median (bell-shaped curve), in which we’d find no outliers.

23
Q

How would we summarize the distribution of a symmetric distribution?

A

Sample mean and standard deviation.

24
Q

A skewed distribution is one where?

A

There are outliers.

25
Q

How would we summarize distribution of a skewed distribution?

A

Median and interquartile range.

26
Q

What part of the curve indicates the skewed distribution?

A

The tail, e.g., a right-skewed distribution would have the bulge on the left and the tail on the right.

27
Q

What type of exposure is genetics, ancestry, race and ethnicity?

A

Constituent exposures.

28
Q

What is the critical window of vulnerability?

A

An exposure occurs in the context of human development that is very important in terms of the health outcome.

29
Q

What are the three essential attributes of a cause?

A

Association, Time Order, and Direction.

30
Q

False explanations for association are?

A

Random error, Bias, Confounding, and Effect Measure Modification (EMM).

31
Q

What is confounding?

A

An outcome that is unequally distributed between comparison groups.

32
Q

What is Effect Measure Modification?

A

EMM is an outcome that ignores a third variable, i.e. exposure leads to a disease without considering the difference between men and women.

33
Q

What is the formula for outliers?

A

Q3+(1.5x1QR) and Q1-(1.5xIQR).

34
Q

What is the formula for determining IQR?

A

Q3-Q1=IQR.

35
Q

How is Q1 and Q3 determined?

A

They are defined as the median to the side of the Q2 median.

36
Q

How is Q2 determined?

A

It is the median.

37
Q

Outliers may be described in the context of standard deviation as?

A

The mean +/- three times the standard deviation, in each direction, e.g.
11+/- (3x13)
11+33=44, 11-33=-22.

38
Q
A

MPH (1 decks)

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