07/6 1st Psychology Exam Flashcards
What is Reciprocity?
Mothers respond to infant alertness.
What is interactional synchronicity?
Interactions between mothers and baby’s have become co-ordinated.
Who linked quality of attachment to synchronicity?
Isabella et al. proposed that caregiver-attachment should be synchronised.
Outline a positive and negative evaluation of reciprocity and internal synchrony?
- hard to know the intentions, if there is any behind baby’s gestures.
- controlled situations mean finite details are captured so high validity.
How did Feldman criticise internal synchrony?
Said that they were just observations and the intentions behind them cannot be known.
Outline three theories on attachment figures?
- parent/infant attachment (mostly mother with father slightly important)
- Role of the father for play and stimulation
- fathers as primary caregivers
Who proposed that father-infant attachment is less important?
Grossman et al.
Outline three evaluations of suggesting either parent is better than the other?
- children with unusual family types develop no differently.
- fathers aren’t primary caregivers because of biology or society
- socially sensitive to suggest that one parents is less good at parenting.
Outline Schaffer and Emerson’s 60 Glasgow babies study?
They investigated the age of attachment in babies by testing separation anxiety.
In the Glasgow babies study, when did the babies develop a secure attachment?
Most babies after 32 weeks had developed a secure attachment and developed a multiple attachments weeks later.
Name four evaluations of Schaffer and Emerson’s Glasgow babies study?
- good external validity because the observations were carried out at home
- longitudinal study
- confounding variables weren’t controlled
- all families investigated were working class and similar so if can’t be generalised.
What four stages of attachment did Schaffer and Emerson propose?
Asocial stage: little observable social behaviour
Indiscriminate attachment: accept affection from all adults
Specific attachment: attachment with one individual, high separation and stranger anxiety
Multiple attachments: can attach to a secondary adult
Name three evaluations of Schaffer and Emerson’s four stages of attachment?
- just because no behaviour was observed doesn’t mean it’s asocial
- just because a child protests when a parent leaves doesn’t mean they’re attached
- their method of measurement was limited
What did Van Ljzendoorn et al. find that went against Schaffer and Emerson’s stages?
They found that multiple attachments may appear first.
Outline Lorenz’s research?
Goslings saw Lorenz as they hatched and imprinted and he found they attached to the first thing that moved. And adult geese tried to mate with whatever they attached to.
Name to Evaluations of Lorenz’s study?
- hard to generalise birds to humans
- unethical
What did Guiton et al. find to support Lorenz’s study?
Found that birds that imprinted on a rubber glove tried to mate with a rubber glove.
Outline Harlow’s research?
Baby monkeys given the option of cloth or wire mother with a feeding bottle. He found that the monkeys cling to the cloth mother over the cold one that fed them.
What was the critical period for Harlow’s monkeys?
90 days.
How was Harlow’s study unethical?
The monkeys were maternally deprived and became socially dysfunctional and outcast when re-introduced.
What did Harlow’s monkeys study teach us about attachment?
Monkeys prefer warmth and comfort over food.
Which theory does Harlow’s monkeys go against?
Cupboard love.
Name three criticisms of Harlow’s monkeys?
- allows deeper understanding into child abuse cases
- extremely unethical
- generalising too much
Outline learning theory as an explanation of attachment?
Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
The conditioning of unconditioned stimuli to get a conditioned response.
What is operant conditioning?
Negative and positive reinforcement.
What does the social learning theory suggest comfort is second to in attachment?
Hunger.
Outline three negatives of the social learning theory’s approach to attachment?
- Animal studies proved that comfort is first.
- Schaffer and Emerson showed that babies attach not necessarily to who feeds them
- ignores reciprocity and interactional synchronicity
What did Bowlby say monotropy was?
One attachment with the mother is first, better and more important.
What did Bowlby say social releasers were?
Big eyes, cute faces that will draw in mothers and make them loved.
What did Bowlby say the internal working model was?
First attachment is a model for all other relationships in later life.
Outline Ainsworth’s strange situation?
A controlled experiment that measured;
- proximity seeking
- exploration
- secure base behaviour
- separation anxiety
- response to reunion
What three types of attachment did Ainsworth identify?
Securely attached 75% British toddlers
Insecurely resistant 25% British toddlers
Insecurely avoidant 3% British toddlers
Outline 4 evaluations of Ainsworth’s types of attachment?
- early attachment has been proven to affect later life
- inter-rater reliability agreed on 90% things
- maybe culture bound
- doesn’t measure the right things
Outline what Van Ljzendoorn found about Cultural Variations of Ainsworth’s strange situation?
They found greater variations inside countries than between countries.
Outline what Simonella et al. found about Cultural Variations of the Strange situation?
Italian rates of secure babies has changed recently because of a change in family practices.
What did Jin et al. find about Cultural Variations of the strange situation?
Korea and Japan have similar attachment types with lots of secure babies because of similar rearing techniques.
Name four evaluations of Cultural Variations of the strange situation?
- large samples from meta-analysis
- samples represent countries but each country contains many cultures
- method of assessment is westernised
- strange situation isn’t valid
Outline Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?
- 44 thieves
- separation vs deprivation are different
- deprivation at young ages will affect emotional development> lots of criminal teenagers (affectionless psychopath)
According to Bowlby what is the critical period for humans?
30 months
Evaluate Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?
Bowlby was a biased observer and animal studies showed that deprivation can have social affects.
What did Goldfarb find deprivation can cause?
Low IQ.
How did Goldfarb criticise the 44 thieves study in relation to orphans?
It can’t apply to orphans because they’re already traumatised.
What did Lewis find in his study to counter Bowlby’s argument?
Sample of 500 kids and found no link between deprivation and later criminality.
Name the two Romanian Orphanage studies?
- Rutters ERA study
- Bucharest early intervention project
Outline Rutter’s ERA study?
165 orphans adopted into Britain in loving families. Despite this they had low IQs and disinhibited attachment.
What is disinhibited attachment?
The type of attachment children who have experienced prolonged probation in institutions.
Outline Bucharest early intervention project?
Random allocation to fostering or institutions in Uk; 19% secure attached in institutions, 74% secure in fostering.
Name four evaluations of Romanian orphanage studies?
- real life application
- helps in aftercare
- fewer extraneous variables
- case studies are hard to generalise and not typical cases
- extremely unethical because they’re already traumatised.
Outline research into influence of early attachment on later relationships?
Internal working model affects all life relationship
What did Kerns find about how attachment can affect relationships in later life?
Securely attached form better relationships.
What did McCarthy find about attachments on later relationships?
Secure people have better relationships with family, friends and partners.
What did Hazan and Shaver find about early attachments affect on later life relationships?
Secure better long lasting relationships and the other two have fear of intimacy and jealousy.
Evaluate three points of studies on the affect of early attachment on later relationships?
- self report techniques used in studies lack validity
- association-relation doesn’t mean causation
- it’s deterministic
What three types of conformity did Kelman suggest?
Internalisation, identification and compliance
What did Deutsch and Gerard suggest were the two reasons for conformity?
Informational social influence
Normative social influence
What did Lucas et al. find about conformity amongst hard maths questions?
More people conformed on harder maths questions.
What did Schulz find about conformity in groups?
The more people who conformed in a group the more likely others are supposed to conform.
Name two negative evaluations of the types of conformity?
- informative social influence doesn’t affect everybody
- normative social influence doesn’t affect everybody in the same way; individual differences.
What percentage of Asch’s participants conformed at least once?
75% conformed at least once.
What percentage of Asch’s participants conformed and gave the wrong answer?
36.8%
Why did the participants say they conformed in Asch’s study?
Out of fear of rejection.
In Asch’s study, what did he find when using three confederates?
He found that with 3 confederate, conformity changed to 31.8%. But any more than 3 participants had little affect.
In Asch’s study when unanimity varied and there was the presence of another non-conforming confederate what did he find?
Conformity dropped to 25%
When the task was made more difficult in Asch’s study, what did he find?
When the lines were made similar lengths, conformity increased.
In Perrin and Spencer’s remake of Asch’s study, what was the rate of conformity?
1/365 engineering students.
Evaluate Perrin and Spencer’s recreation of Asch’s study?
- in England
- may have been a child of its time
- culture bound
- Asch’s was all men
How does Fiske negatively evaluate Asch’s study?
“Asch’s groups were not very groups.”
-they didn’t accurately represent real groups of people in society because it was artificial.
How does Nero suggest Asch’s research was gender bound?
Studies have found that women are more so concerned with their social status so would act differently.
Why did Bond and Smith say Asch’s research was culture bound?
They found that conformity was much higher in collectivist society’s like China.
How is Asch’s research negatively applied to society?
It’s hard to generalise white middle class American men to the world.
What did Williams and Sogon find studying conformity amongst friends?
Conformity is higher amongst friends.
How was Asch’s study unethical?
It was unethical to mislead them and didn’t tell them the true purpose of the study.
