06.21.24 And Additional From 06.18.24

Question 1

• definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population
• refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample
• may as well lay down the number of items to be included in the sample i.e., the size of the sample.

Answer 1

Sample design

Question 2

what is a sample design

Answer 2

• definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population
• technique/ procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample
• may lay down number of items to be included in the sample i.e., the size of the sample.

Question 3

Five Common Types of Sample Designs

Answer 3

1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Stratified Sampling
3. Systematic Sampling
4. Convenience Sampling
5. Cluster Sampling

Question 4

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Answer 4

simple random sampling

Question 5

• population is divided into subgroups based on shared characteristics
• certain number of participants are then randomly selected from each subgroup to ensure the sample reflects the proportions of the entire population

Answer 5

stratified sampling

Question 6

• population is arranged in a list, and then every nth individual is chosen
• can be efficient but relies on a good, random starting point

Answer 6

systematic sampling

Question 7

• easiest accessible members of the population are chosen
• quick but risks bias towards readily available participants

Answer 7

convenience sampling

Question 8

• population is divided into groups, and then a random selection of groups is chosen
• all members within the chosen group are then included in the sample
• can be efficient in geographically dispersed populations but may miss out on certain subgroups not well-represented in the chosen groups

Answer 8

cluster sampling

Question 9

Overtaking

Answer 9

• should be avoided
• if needed, inform climber in front courteously

Question 10

ideal distance between you and person in front

Answer 10

2 meters

Question 11

Pacing

Answer 11

• start w/ slow pace
• ideal pace = slowest/ with heaviest load
• do not let anyonelag behind
• if need to stop, inform lead man

Question 12

Signaling:
to stop

Answer 12

1 long whistle blast

Question 13

Signaling:
proceed

Answer 13

2 short whistle blast

Question 14

Signaling:
international mountain distress signal

Answer 14

6 whistle blast / minute

Question 15

Signaling:
“aid on the way”

Answer 15

3 whistle blast

Question 16

who can only signal

Answer 16

• team leader (lead man)
• middle man
• sweeper

Question 17

Descending

Answer 17

• dig first with your heel or side of your foot to maintain balance
• if too steep or slippery, face wall and step downwards as if walking down a ladder

Question 18

River crossing

Answer 18

1. can be dangerous
2. assess river, look for natural bridges or shallower portions
3. if in doubt, do not cross
4. loosen shoulder strap to serve as floaty in case of emergency
5. bend knees

Question 19

what materials should be used to make trail signs

Answer 19

natural materials (stick and stones)

Question 20

should be closed and blocked if not use

Answer 20

side trails

Question 21

bad trail etiquette

Answer 21

short-cutting

Question 22

if lost,

Answer 22

STOP

Question 23

STOP

Answer 23

• stop
• think
• observe
• plan

Question 24

Four steps for land naviagtion

Answer 24

1. know where you are
2. plan the route
3. stay on route
4. recognize the objetive

Question 25

Three types of navigation

Answer 25

1. celestial
2. GPS
3. maps and compass