05 Triple Heart and CHD

Question 1

The heart is an organ that

Answer 1

pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. (Heart to lungs to heart; heart to rest of body to heart)

Question 2

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by

Answer 2

a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.

Question 3

Artificial pacemakers are

Answer 3

electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

Question 4

Capillaries structure and why and function :

Answer 4

The walls of capillaries are just one cell thick. Capillaries therefore allow the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body’s cells - molecules can diffuse. across their walls. This exchange of molecules is not possible across the walls of other types of blood vessel.

Question 5

Veins structure and why and function :

Answer 5

Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood back towards the heart. They have thinner walls, and thinner layers of smooth muscle than arteries, as the blood pressure within them is lower. Veins also contain valves, which are used to prevent the backflow of blood through the lower pressured venous circulation.

Question 6

Arteries structure and why and function :

Answer 6

Arteries carry blood away from the heart .
thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carries blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.

Question 7

Blood is a ——— consisting of —– in which the:

Answer 7

tissue
plasma
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended.

Question 8

Plasma transports

Answer 8

proteins and other chemical substances eg. hormones around the body.

Question 9

Red blood cells contain:
which:

Answer 9

haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues.

Question 10

White blood cells help to protect the body against infection because they:

Answer 10

Engulf pathogens
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins

Question 11

Platelets are

Answer 11

fragments of cells which initiate the clotting process at wound sites.

Question 12

Risks related to valve replacement:

Answer 12

major surgery
blood clots
risk infection

Question 13

Statins risks

Answer 13

Statins are a long term drug that must be taken regularly there is a risk that someone could forget to take them

Statins can sometimes cause negative side effects, e.g headache some of these side effects can be serious e.g. kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss.

The effect of statins isn’t instant. It takes time for their effect to kick in.

Question 14

Artificial heart risk

Answer 14

only a temporary fix

surgery can lead to bleeding and infection

artificial hearts don’t work as well as healthy natural ones- parts of the heart could wear out or the electrical motor could fail. It also doesn’t flow as smoothly which can cause blood cots + lead to strokes. The patient has to take drugs to prevent this from happening, which can cause problems with bleeding if they’re hurt in an accident

Question 15

In coronary heart disease what happens:

Answer 15

layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing the flow of blood and resulting in a lack of oxygen to the heart cells.

Question 16

Stents are used to

Answer 16

keep the coronary arteries open.

Question 17

Statins are widely used to

Answer 17

reduce blood cholesterol levels which slow down the rate of fatty material deposit.

Question 18

Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from:

Faulty heart valves can be replaced using

Answer 18

opening or closing fully

biological or mechanical valves.

Question 19

In the case of heart failure a :

Artificial hearts are occasionally used to:

Answer 19

donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted.

keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery