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[07] Respiratory System > [05] Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

[05] Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance?

A

To eliminate carbon dioxide, a by-product of cellular metabolism and a weak acid

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2
Q

What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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3
Q

What is the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in acid-base balance?

A

CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates to produce H+ ions and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

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4
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

A state of increased arterial blood CO2 concentration leading to decreased pH (more acidic)

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5
Q

What are the common causes of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • Hypoventilation
  • Lung disease
  • Neuromuscular disorders
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6
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

A state of decreased arterial blood CO2 concentration leading to increased pH (more basic)

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7
Q

What are the common causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • Hyperventilation
  • High altitude
  • Pregnancy
  • Fever
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8
Q

How does the kidney help in acid-base balance?

A

By regulating the excretion and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

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9
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

A state of decreased bicarbonate ion concentration leading to decreased blood pH

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10
Q

What are the common causes of metabolic acidosis?

A
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Kidney disease
  • Severe diarrhea
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11
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

A state of increased bicarbonate ion concentration leading to increased blood pH

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12
Q

What are the common causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Excessive vomiting
  • Diuretics
  • Excessive bicarbonate intake
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of acidosis?

A
  • Headache
  • Sleepiness
  • Confusion
  • Loss of consciousness
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of alkalosis?

A
  • Light-headedness
  • Numbness
  • Nausea
  • Muscle twitching
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15
Q

What is the role of buffers in maintaining acid-base balance?

A

Buffers neutralize excess acids or bases in body fluids to maintain pH within a normal range

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16
Q

What is the most important buffering system in the body?

A

The bicarbonate buffering system

17
Q

What is compensation in the context of acid-base balance?

A

The body’s physiological response to restore normal pH by either increasing/decreasing respiration to adjust CO2 levels (respiratory compensation), or adjusting bicarbonate levels in the kidneys (metabolic compensation)

18
Q

What is the anion gap?

A

The difference between primary measured cations (sodium Na+ and potassium K+) and the primary measured anions (chloride Cl- and bicarbonate HCO3-) in serum, plasma, or urine

19
Q

What is the significance of the anion gap in acid-base balance?

A

An increased anion gap indicates metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of unmeasured acids

20
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

21
Q

Where is carbonic anhydrase primarily found?

A

In red blood cells and the kidneys

22
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the respiratory system?

A

It accelerates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

23
Q

How does carbonic anhydrase contribute to the acid-base balance?

A

By catalyzing the reaction that forms bicarbonate, a key component in the bicarbonate buffering system

24
Q

What would happen in the absence of carbonic anhydrase?

A

The speed of conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate would significantly reduce, negatively affecting acid-base balance

25
Q

How does carbonic anhydrase facilitate respiration?

A

By speeding up the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in red blood cells, it aids in the transport and removal of CO2, a by-product of cellular metabolism

26
Q

How does carbonic anhydrase function in the kidneys?

A

It helps in the reabsorption of bicarbonate from the kidneys, contributing to the regulation of pH

27
Q

How is carbonic anhydrase activity related to altitude sickness?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are sometimes used to prevent or treat altitude sickness. They slow down the formation of bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis, which triggers an increase in respiration rate, helping the body get more oxygen

28
Q

What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Drugs that block the action of carbonic anhydrase, often used to treat glaucoma, altitude sickness, and certain types of edema

29
Q

What is the clinical relevance of carbonic anhydrase?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used therapeutically in the treatment of glaucoma, edema, altitude sickness, and certain neurological disorders

[07] Respiratory System (5 decks)

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