0417 - Staging of Cancer Flashcards
What is cancer staging? Why is it useful?
An assessment of the anatomical extent of the cancer (as against grading - agressiveness). Important for planning treatment, communication between physicians, and informing prognosis.
What is the most widely used staging system?
TNM - Tumour, Node, Metastasis
What are the possible T grades in the TNM system?
Tx - Primary not assessable
T0 - No evidence of primary
Tis - Carcinoma in situ
T1-T4 - Increasing size or extent of tumour
What are the possible N grades in the TNM system
Nx - Not assessable
N0 - No regional lymph node metastasis
N1-3 - Increasing involvement in regional lymph nodes
What are the possible M grades in the TNM system?
M0 - No Metastasis
M1 - Metastasis present
What are the N stages for Breast Cancer?
N0 = No lymph node metastasis N1 = Metastasis detected in 1-3 lymph nodes, but not clinically apparent. N2 = Metastasis in 4-9 axillary lymph nodes, or in clinically apparent mammary nodes without axillary lymph nodes. N3 = Metastasis in 10 or more axillary nodes, or any infra or supra clavicular nodes, or in both clinically apparent mammary nodes and axillary nodes. Nx = Cannot be assessed.
What are the 4 stages of breast cancer?
Stage 0 = TisN0 Stage I = T1, N0 Stage II = T0-1N1, or T2N0-1, or T3N0 Stage III = T0-2N2-3, or T3N1-2, or T4M0 Stage IV = M1 - Nothing else counts.
What are the T stages for colorectal cancer?
Tis = Confined to mucosa T1 = Through muscularis mucosa, into submucosa T2 = Through submucosa, into muscularis propria T3 = Through Muscularis propria, into subserosa T4 = Invasion to adjacent organ.
What are the N stages for colorectal cancer?
Nx = Not assessable N0 = No regional lymph node involvement N1 = 1-3 regional lymph nodes N2 = 4 or more regional lymph nodes.
What are the TNM stages for colorectal cancer?
Stage 0 = TisNo Stage I = T1-2N0 Stage II = T3-4N0 Stage III = T0-4N1-2 Stage IV = M1, nothing else counts
What are the T stages for breast cancer? (Tx, Tis, T0-4)
Tx - Primary cannot be assessed T0 - No evidence of Primary Tis - Carcinoma in Situ T1 - less than 2cm diameter T2 - 2-5cm diameter T3 - greater than 5cm diameter T4 - Extension of tumour to involve chest wall or skin.
