0416 Acute inflammation

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of inflammation

Answer 1

The function of inflammation is protection via limitation and repair of damage

Question 2

Is acute inflammation part of the innate or adaptive immune system

Answer 2

Innate immune system

Question 3

What are the 5 signs of inflammation (symptoms)

Answer 3

Swelling, heat, redness, pain and loss of function

Question 4

What are the causes of the 5 signs of inflammation (very briefly)

Answer 4

Swelling (exudation), Redness (vasodilation), Heat (vasodilation and hypothalamic regulation), Pain (releae of substance P) and loss of function (mixture of all factors)

Question 5

The vascular component of inflammation can be broken down into 5 steps. List the 5 steps

Answer 5

Vasoconstriction of transient arterioles, Vasodilation of vessels, increased permeability of vessels, stasis of blood and leucocyte migration

Question 6

List at least 4 of the cellular components of inflammation

Answer 6

All of them: polymorphic leucocytes, mast cells, monocites/macrophages, platelets, neurons

Question 7

Where do inflammatory mediators during inflammation come fro

Answer 7

Circulating blood cells, local tissue cells and plasma proteins already in circulation

Question 8

What are the 2 primary functions of inflammatory mediators

Answer 8

Increase recruitment of leucocytes and mediation of phagocytosis

Question 9

List some examples of the role of plasma proteins during inflammation

Answer 9

Complement system (opsonisation, chemotaxis, membrane attack complex) coagulation, fibrinolytic and kini systems

Question 10

What are cascade systems

Answer 10

Cascade systems are a series of sequential enzyme activations where each step the ‘active’ enzyme is deactivated)

Question 11

What are the broad categories of cell/tissue derived inflammatory mediators (based on function)

Answer 11

Pro inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and immunoinflammatory

Question 12

What is the name given to the class of cytokines released by damaged tissue cells that initiate diapedesis of cells into site of damage

Answer 12

Chemokines

Question 13

What are the 4 stages of diapedesis (briefly describe each step)

Answer 13

Marginilisation and rolling (leucocytes roll along edges of blood vessels). Tight-binding (receptors on the endothelial cells match up with a surface ligand on white blood cell). Diapedesis (white blood cells move between endothelial cells). Migration (white blood cells move to site)

Question 14

Provide one cytokine example of each category: pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and immuno-stimulatory

Answer 14

Pro = IL1. Anti= IL10, Immunostimulatory = IL2

Question 15

What are the systemic outcomes of inflammation

Answer 15

Increase in temperature, increase in blood leucocytes and increased synthesis of plasma protein reactants

Question 16

What is the purpose of fever?

Answer 16

Inhibition of microbe replication and facilitate immune resposne (e.g. increase function of CD8 T cells)

Question 17

Food for thought, if you were designing a drug to minimize inflammation, what sites would you target

Answer 17

answer

Question 18

What process describes engulfment of bacteria and cellular debris

Answer 18

Phagocytosis

Question 19

In the cascades of coagulation and complement activation, what underlying principle controls each step

Answer 19

A series of sequential enzymatic activations where at each step the ‘active’ enzyme is deactivated