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04 Musculoskeletal Integumentary > 04.04 Connective Tissue > Flashcards

04.04 Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

It is characterized by cells that function to elaborate and maintain a variety of extracellular matrices beneath the epithelial layer, and is a supporting framework for most of the organs of the body.

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Connective tissue is made up of:

A
  1. Connective tissue cells
  2. Connective tissue fibers
  3. Ground matrix
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3
Q

Two main components of the connective tissue:

A
  1. Extracellular matrix

2. Resident cells

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4
Q

ECM is consists of:

A
  1. Protein fibers

2. Ground substance

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5
Q

Resident cells consist of:

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Mesenchymal cells
  3. Macrophages
  4. Fat cells
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6
Q

Cells are relatively few and widely separated from one another.

A

Paucity

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7
Q

The connective tissue contains a lot of extracellular matrix that is ______.

A

Highly vascularized

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8
Q

The intercellular substance in between cells is abundant, containing:

A
  1. Portions of tissue fluids
  2. Ground matrix of extracellular matrix
  3. Intercellular fibers
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9
Q

The character of ECM is determined from region to region by the abundance and proportion of:

A
  1. Fluid (e.g. blood)
  2. Fibers
  3. Ground matrix molecule
  4. Mineral aggregates (e.g. calcium in bone)
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10
Q

In most cases, the extracellular matrix of a connective tissue proper is ______.

A

Soft

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11
Q

In cartilage, ECM is ______.

A

Firm but flexible

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12
Q

In bone, ECM is ______.

A

Rigid because of the deposition of inorganic salts in the matrix

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13
Q

The connective tissue proper is mostly ______.

A

Collagenous

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14
Q

It is the dominant component of connective tissues that determines the physical properties of each type.

A

ECM

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15
Q

Functions of the connective tissue:

A
  1. Support organs and tissues of the body (e.g. bone)
  2. Serves as a binding substance for organs and tissues (e.g. collagen fibers)
  3. Protection for the body (e.g. WBC)
  4. Fat storage and insulation
  5. Hematopoiesis
  6. Protection against bacterial infection (e.g. blood)
  7. Repair of the body (bone and cartilage regeneration) - e.g. WBCs and collagen fibers
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16
Q

The connective tissue developed from the ______ derived from the ______.

A

Mesenchyme, mesoderm

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17
Q

T/F Epithelium can be derived from any of the three layers.

A

True

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18
Q

Types of connective tissue cells:

A
  1. Fixed cells

2. Wandering cells

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19
Q

There are more or less permanent resident cell population.

A

Fixed cells

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20
Q

They develop and remain in place within the connective tissue, where they perform their functions.

A

Fixed cells

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21
Q

Transient emigrants from the blood stream.

A

Wandering cells

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22
Q

Wandering cells originate mainly in the ______ and circulate in the bloodstream.

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

Immature cells (active cell) are called ______.

A

-blasts

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24
Q

Mature cells (quiescent cells) are called ______.

A

-cytes

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25
Q

It is the principal cell of connective tissues.

A

Fibroblasts

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26
Q

Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete components of the ECM such as:

A
  1. Fibers (collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers)

2. Ground substance (GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

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27
Q

Two levels of fibroblast activity:

A
  1. Active

2. Quiescent

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28
Q

It provide a matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues and cells together in organs.

A

Connective tissue

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29
Q

The ______ of connective tissue gives metabolic support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products.

A

Interstitial fluid

30
Q

The major constituent of connective tissue.

A

ECM

31
Q

Protein fibers consist of:

A

Collagens and elastic fibers

32
Q

Ground substance consists of:

A
  1. Proteoglycans
  2. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  3. Multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others)
33
Q

______ help stabilize the ECM by binding to other matrix components and to ______ in cell membranes,

A

Glycoproteins, integrins

34
Q

The hydrated nature of connective tissue ______ provides the medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes between cells and the blood supply.

A

Ground substance

35
Q

It is a population of undifferentiated cells, generally elongated by with many shapes, having large euchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli that indicate high levels of synthetic activity.

A

Mesenchymal cells

36
Q

The ECM of mesenchymal cells consists of a simple ground substance rich in ______, but with very little ______.

A

Hyaluronic acid, collagen

37
Q

Fibroblasts are targeted by ______.

A

Growth factors

38
Q

In adults, connective tissue fibroblasts rarely undergo ______ unless injured, which activates the quiescent cells.

A

Cell division

39
Q

Fibroblasts involved in would contraction and have a well-developed contractile function and are enriched with a form of actin also found in smooth muscle cells.

A

Myofibroblasts

40
Q

The healing of surgical incisions and other wounds depends on the reparative capacity of connective tissue, particularly on activity and growth of ______.

A

Fibroblasts

41
Q

It contains abundant and irregularly branched cytoplasm.

A

Young fibroblasts

42
Q

Young fibroblasts have a basophilic cytoplasm due to:

A
  1. RER

2. Golgi complex

43
Q

Characteristics of the basophilic nucleus of young fibroblasts:

A
  1. Ovoid
  2. Large
  3. Pale staining
  4. Fine chromatin
  5. Prominent nucleolus
44
Q

Spindle-shaped fibroblasts with fewer processes and much less RER, and contains a darker, more heterochromatic nucleus.

A

Quiescent cells

45
Q

The cytoplasm of a fibrocyte is ______ because there is no need for RER since no collagen synthesis is done.

A

Acidophilic

46
Q

Large, mesenchymally derived cells specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for the production of heat. They also serve for cushioning.

A

Adipocytes or fat cells

47
Q

Adipocytes are found singly or in groups and widely distributed in ______.

A

Loose connective tissue

48
Q

The nucleus of adipocytes are ______ and siplaced to one side with a rim of cytoplasm giving a ______ appearance.

A

Flattened, signet ring

49
Q

Characterized by their well-developed phagocytic ability and specialize in turnover of protein fibers and removal of dead cells, tissue debris, or other particulate material.

A

Macrophages

50
Q

Macrophages present in the connective tissue are called ______.

A

Histiocytes

51
Q

Macrophages have a ______ nucleus.

A

Eccentrically located, oval or kidney-shaped nucleus

52
Q

Difference of monocytes and macrophages:

A

When in circulation, they are called monocytes; when in tissues, they are called macrophages.

53
Q

Tissue macrophages can proliferate locally constituting a diffuse system called ______.

A

Mononuclear - phagocytic system

54
Q

Macrophage in the liver.

A

Kupffer cell

55
Q

Macrophage in the CNS.

A

Microglial cell

56
Q

Macrophage in the epidermis of the skin.

A

Langerhans cell

57
Q

Macrophage in the lymph nodes and spleen.

A

Dendritic cell

58
Q

Macrophage in the bone.

A

Osteoclast

59
Q

Several fused macrophages in connective tissue.

A

Multinuclear giant cell

60
Q

The transformation from monocytes to macrophages in connective tissue involves an increase in:

A
  1. Cell size
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Number of Golgi complexes and lysosomes
61
Q

Oval or irregularly shaped connective tissue cells whose cytoplasm is filled with basophilic secretory granules.

A

Mast cells

62
Q

Mast cell granules display _____ (ability to change the color of some basic dyes) because of their high content of acidic radicals in their sulfated GAGs.

A

Metachromasia

63
Q

Mast cells are especially numerous near ______ in skin and mesenteries where they are called ______ and in the tissue that lines digestive and respiratory tracts where they are called ______.

A

Small blood vessles, perivascular mast cells, mucosal mast cells

64
Q

Release of certain chemical mediators stored in mast cells promote ______.

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis)

65
Q

Mast cells function in the localized release of many bioactive substances with roles in the local inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair. This includes:

A
  1. Heparin
  2. Histamine
  3. Serine proteases
  4. Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors
  5. Cytokines
  6. Phospholipid
66
Q

A sulfated GAG that acts locally as an anticoagulant.

A

Heparin

67
Q

Promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.

A

Histamine

68
Q

Activate various mediators of inflammation.

A

Serine proteases

69
Q

Attract leukocytes.

A

Eosinophile and neutophil chemotactic factors

70
Q

Polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and other cells of the immune system.

A

Cytokines

71
Q

Precursors for conversion to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other important lipid mediators of the inflammatory response.

A

Phospholipid

04 Musculoskeletal Integumentary (1 decks)

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