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1H06A > 03 - Tissues & Integuments > Flashcards

03 - Tissues & Integuments Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial (covering)
Muscle (movement)
Nervous (control)
Connective (support)

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2
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A
  • Covering & lining

eg. blood vessel

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3
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A

Classified according to the number of cell layers and the shapes
- Look for where the nuclei are to determine the shape

eg. stratified squamous, simple cuboidal

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4
Q

Pseudostratified (Epithelial tissue classification of number of cell layers)

A

Not exactly layered but looks like it’s layered (looks like it has multiple layers but it is not)

  • Pseudo: Kinda
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5
Q

Simple (Epithelial tissue classification of number of cell layers)

A

1 layer of cell

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6
Q

Stratified (Epithelial tissue classification of number of cell layers)

A

Multiple of layers of cells

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7
Q

Epithelial Tissue: avascular or vascular?

A

Avascular

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8
Q

Squamous (Epithelial tissue classification of shape)

A

Flattened out/pancake like

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9
Q

Cuboidal (Epithelial tissue classification of shape)

A

Cube-like

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10
Q

Columnar (Epithelial tissue classification of shape)

A

Taller than it is wide

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11
Q

Connective tissues functions

A
  • Binding (eg. collagen) & support (eg. bone)
  • Protection against infection (eg. blood –> WBC)
  • Tissue repair
  • Insulation (eg. mechanical trauma)
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12
Q

Why can some connective tissue repair itself?

A
  • Most connective tissues have blood vessels running through it
  • Only vascularized tissue is capable of healing itself
  • Having blood vessels allow WBCs, nutrients to be delivered to deal with dead or dying cells to set the stage for healing & repair
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13
Q

What is the extra-cellular matrix consist of?

A

ECM = Ground substance + Fibers

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14
Q

What may be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous or calcified?

A

Ground substance

Semi-fluid –> like a gel
Gelatinous eg. cartilage
Calcified eg. bones

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15
Q

Give some fibers examples

A

eg. collagen, elastin

  • Collagen means glue –> helps resist tearing when stretched
  • Elastin –> this protein can be stretched but it will recoil and go back to its original shape and position
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16
Q

What makes connective tissues different and unique?

A
  • Fibers give the cells their unique characteristics
  • Different amounts of fiber types and cell types produce the different classes of connective tissue
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17
Q

Classes of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
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18
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue
- Areolar
- Reticular
- Adipose (loose connective tissue)

Dense connective tissue
- Regular
- Irregular
- Elastic

Loose and dense connective tissue - how well packed are the structural fibers in the ECM

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19
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Adipo - fat
Cytes - cells

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20
Q

Loose connective tissue cell

A

Fibroblasts adipocytes (semi-fluid ground substance)
- Loose connective tissue b/c only have a few structural fibers between them

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21
Q

Dense connective tissue cell

A

Fibroblasts (very little ground substance)
- Secreting a lot of fibers
- Immature cell
- There’s very little GS b/c the space is filled with structural proteins
- Found in eg tendons, ligaments

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22
Q

Cartilage cell (connective tissue)

A

Chondrocytes (stiff, gelatenous GS)
- Chondro - cartilage
- Cytes - cells

  • Important for providing a bit of shock absorption at the end of bones (particularly when participating in an articulation eg. joint)
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23
Q

Characteristics of cartilage (connective tissue)

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Does not repair well

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24
Q

Bone cell (connective tissue)

A

Osteocytes (calcified GS)
- Osteo - bone
- Cytes - cells

  • Provides structural support
  • Everything outside of the cell is Ca salts (very hard and dense)
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25
Q

What’s found in bone cells?

A

Canaliculi
Central (haversian) canal
Lacuna
Lamellae

  • Will always find blood vessels running through it b/c it’s a connective tissue and a vascular tissue
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26
Q

Are bone cells capable of healing & repair? Why

A

Yes - b/c bone cells have blood vessels

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27
Q

Blood cell (connective tissue)

A

Erythrocytes/red blood cells (fluid GS)
- Erythro - red
- Cytes - cells

  • Fluid GS: not just water; contains ions, glucose, clotting factors, antibodies, etc
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28
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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29
Q

What is an indicator of clinical conditions and dysfunction?

A

The skin

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30
Q

What is a blue condition called? Give an example

A

Cyanotic
- Cyano - blue
- ic - a condition

eg. hypoxemia - low oxygen in blood
- Hypo - low
- ox - oxygen
- emia - anything related to the blood

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31
Q

What is a yellow condition called? Give an example

A

Jaundiced / Icteric
- Jaun - french for yellow

  • Icteric - latin for yellow
  • ic - a condition

eg. liver dysfunction (bilirubin)
- Bilirubin: recycles RBCs

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32
Q

Why may it be hard to notice if someone is icteric (yellow condition)?

A

Because they may have darker skin tones which will be hard to tell their condition

  • Look for places like the sclera of the eye to see if they have a yellow condition
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33
Q

What is a red condition called? Give an example

A

Erythema
- Erythe - red
- ma - a condition

eg. heat, infection, inflammation, allergic reaction

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34
Q

What is a white condition called? Give an example

A

Pallor - less blood flowing through the integument

eg. shock (lost blood in the body thus no blood going to the skin), anemia (not making enough RBCs), peripheral vasoconstriction (when you get cold, your BVs constrict thus less blood to skin to conserve heat thus lighter skin tone)

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35
Q

When are pallor (white conditions) more easily noticed?

A

More visible in ppl with lighter skin tone

  • In darker skin tones, look at the mucous membranes (eg. the gums)
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36
Q

What is the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin + accessory organs/structures (eg. nails, skin glands, hair follicles)

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37
Q

What is the Latin for covering?

A

Integumentary

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38
Q

How many layers are in the integumentary system? What are those layers called?

A

2 layers

Epidermis (superficial, thin) & dermis (deeper, thicker)

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39
Q

What is found in the dermis layer?

A
  • Hair follicles
  • Glands
  • Sensory receptors (eg. touch, pain)
  • Blood vessels
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40
Q

Are there BVs in epidermis layer?

A

Epidermis - no blood vessels

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41
Q

What is the dermis sitting on?

A

The dermis sits on the HYPODERMIS
- aka subcutaneous layer (below the cutaneous)
- The hypodermis is not part of the skin

Hypo - under
Dermo - skin

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42
Q

What is found in the hypodermis?

A

Adipocytes (loose connective tissue under the skin)
eg. fats, lipids

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43
Q

What are the 5 layers (strata) of the epidermis layer? From superficial to deep

A

Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

  • Most places in the skin have 4 layers
44
Q

What’s the name of the layer:

From which all other laters are derived

A

Basale (germinativum)

  • The dividing layer
  • Grows new cells (cells divide & replicate)
  • Creates the cells above this layer (cells migrate up to future layers)
45
Q

What’s the name of the layer:

Has 8-10 layers of cell, has keratin intermediate filaments and cells are joined by desmosomes

A

Spinosum (spiny)

  • Keratin: structural protein (to give strength)
46
Q

What’s the name of the layer:

Has 3-5 layers of cells, the transition zone (living-dead), has keratohyalin and lamellar granules

A

Granulosum (granular)

  • Transition zone (living-dead) b/c the cells are not getting enough nutrients from the blood to stay alive
  • Keratohyalin: an enzyme (helps to link the keratin filaments to one another so that they become very tough to resist being torn or stretched)
  • The granules are fat containing and provide some waterproofing to this area of the epidermis
47
Q

In which layer does cells start to flatten out in the epidermis?

A

Granulosum

48
Q

What’s the name of the layer:

Only present in thick skin (eg. palm of hands, soles of feet) where there are no hair follicles

A

Lucidum (clear)

  • Only in thick skin b/c these places has the most contact and most friction with the things in the environment
49
Q

What’s the name of the layer:

Has 25-30 layers of dead cells

A

Corneum (horny)

  • Most tough layer
  • Dead keratinocytes
50
Q

Why is the corneum the most tough layer in the epidermis?

A

To withstand abrasive forces on the epidermis

51
Q

Why is the corneum the thinnest layer of epidermis when it has the most number of layers of cells?

A

Because those cells are all dead and flat

52
Q

Where are dead skin cells found?

A

Dust - Half of them are dead skin cells

53
Q

Truth or false

Is there a balance between cell production and cell loss (apoptosis; sloughing)?

A

Truth

Exactly matching rates between the production of new cells and cell loss

54
Q

How long will the process of a cell from the basale to corneum strata be in the epidermis?

A

The entire process will take 4-6 weeks

55
Q

How long will the process of a cell from basale to corneum be in psoriasis?

A

7-10 days

56
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Auto-immune disorder (immune system attacking itself)

57
Q

What is an auto-immune disorder? How does the immune system work?

A

The adaptive immune cells identify that there’s something foreign
- The foreign protein is expressed by keratinocytes
- The foreign protein is actually self protein

This causes the WBCs to secrete a lot of chemical messengers (eg. cytokines)
- Stimulate keratinocytes to grow very quickly

58
Q

Why does the surface of the skin of people with psoriasis appear as silvery scales?

A

The process from the basale to cornum strata is too fast which does not give the cells time to fully mature to fully make good keratin and create good interlinks between them

  • The skin appears silvery scales because the skin is falling off since the cells haven’t had time to mature and develop good cell-to-cell connections
59
Q

4 major cell types in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Langerhans cell
Melanocyte
Merkel cell

60
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Keratin making cells

  • Dead cells
61
Q

What is the predominant cell type (90%) in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

62
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A
  • Mainly produce keratin (a tough protein)
  • Provide water shielding
  • Keratin: protect from heat, abrasion, microbes, chemicals
63
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Immune cells found in the epidermis

64
Q

What can langerhans cell do?

A
  • Look for potential pathogens that may have made it across the skin due to things like an abrasion
  • Macrophage - can engulf bacteria & break them down
    • Macro - big
    • Phage - eating
  • Phagocytosis - ingestion of bacteria or other material
65
Q

Where are langerhans cells found?

A

Stratum spinosum (only found there)

66
Q

What does melanocytes do?

A

Produce melanin - protect us from the damaging effects of UV radiation

  • They are 8% of the cells found in the epidermis layer
67
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Found in the stratum basale

68
Q

Where does melanocytes deposit the melanin?

A

Into the stratum spinosum

69
Q

Does everyone have the same amount/ratio of melanocytes?

A

Yes

Everyone has the same amount/ratio of melanocytes in their bodies

70
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

In the stratum basale

71
Q

What does merkel cells do?

A

Detect touch (eg. light touches) and sensations

72
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Specialized epithelial cell that releases neurotransmitters onto a nerve that’s in the dermis

73
Q

Why can we detect light touches?

A

Merkel cell

  • Releases neurotransmitters onto a nerve in the dermis when the cell is deformed by a light touch
    • This gives us the ability to detect light touches
74
Q

What are the hills & valleys made within the epidermis?

A

Epidermal ridges

  • Gives rise to our fingerprints & footprints
    0 Epidermal peg are supported by dermal papilla
75
Q

Why do we have epidermal ridges?

A

Increases the surface area of the epidermis which improves grip

Increases contact between dermis and epidermis to prevent them from separating

76
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin - a yellow-red pigment
Eumelanin - a brown-black pigment
- Eu - good

77
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Protection from the sun
Protects the germinal layer against damaging UV rays

78
Q

What does this result in?

Increased UV = increased melanin synthesis

A

Tanning

79
Q

What does skin colour depend on? And hair colour?
- Think of it in terms of melanin

A

Skin colour depends on how much melanin and which type of melanin gets made
- Everyone has the same number of melanocytes but different amounts of melanin being made

For hair colour, it is melanocytes colouring the keratinocytes
- Keratinocytes that have been modified to form single-like shapes to create a hair follicle
- Keratin is white

80
Q

What determines your skin tone? What are the 3 pigments?

A
  • Melanin (mainly)
  • Carotene (vitamin A)
  • Hemoglobin
81
Q

What are some examples of melanocyte alterations?

A

Albinism - no melanin produced (the colour of keratin)

Vitiligo - loss of pigment in patches (autoimmune)
- Adaptive immune cells have identified something being foreign thus strategically attacking them in certain areas of the skin

Freckles/moles - aggregation of melanin/melanocytes

Melanoma - cancerous mole (nevus)
- Life-threatening but easy fix

82
Q

ABCDE’s of malignant melanomas (life threatening)

A

Asymmetrical
Borders uneven
Colours (2+ colours and colour may change)
Diameter (larger than 6mm)
Elevated or Evolving

If you catch malignant melanomas early on, it is good and easy to get rid of

83
Q

What does the dermis bind?

A

The epidermis to the underlying tissues (hypodermis)

  • The hypodermis in most parts of the skin is sitting on top of some skeletal muscle attached to your skeleton
84
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers
- Provides support for the skin

  • Collagen: resists tearing
  • Elastic fibers: elasticity (secreted by fibroblasts)
85
Q

What’s found in the dermis?

A

BVs, nerves, hair follicles and skin glands

86
Q

What is the dermis divided into (regions)?

A

Papillary region - superficial
Reticular region - deep (where most of the actions occur)

87
Q

What are the types of skin glands?

A
  • Sebaceous (oils)
  • Apocrine
  • Eccrine
  • Ceruminous (waxy)

Sebaceous ends up on a hair follicle

Apocrine and eccrine are sweat glands (sudoriferous)
- Apocrine are found in certain regions only
- Exxrine does not go in the hair follicle

88
Q

Where is the ceruminous (waxy) gland found? Why?

A

Ears

  • Make wax to keep insects and bugs out and prevent them from laying eggs in your eggs
89
Q

Where does the product of apocrine glands go?

A

Apocrine glands make a watery secretion (lots of proteins in it)

  • The product go to the hair shaft but only in certain regions in your body
90
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

Smooth muscle controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

  • Get activated when scared (hair goes up)
  • Attached to the bottom of the hair follicle and the epidermis
  • Very helpful when cold (help trap a layer of air against you)
91
Q

Where does the product of the eccrine gland go?

A
  • Does not put the product in a hair follicle
  • It goes right to the surface of the skin
92
Q

What system is eccrine glands regulated by?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

  • When frightened/scared, they become activated thus sweat a lot, visible perspiration on your head
93
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • Thermo-regulation
  • Blood reservoir
  • Protection from the environment
  • Cutaneous sensations
  • Excretion and absorption (minor)
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
94
Q

What is temperature regulation?

A

The maintenance of body temperature (homeostasis)

95
Q

How does temp regulation work?

A

BVs dilate to lose heat (direct blood to the epidermis)
BVs constrict to conserve heat (direct blood away from the epidermis)

Only work because there are 2 networks of BVs in dermis

  • Heat loss is also promoted by sweat production and relies on conduction & convection
96
Q

What happens to temp regulation when cold? What colour will the skin appear to be?

A
  • Constrict all BVs in the superficial BV network to get blood away from the epidermis
  • Prevents heat loss
  • Less blood flow to the skin thus skin will be a slightly less reddish hue
97
Q

What happens to temp regulation when hot? What colour will the skin appear to be?

A
  • May become erythematous
    • Superficial reddening on the skin
  • The superficial BVs and networks dilate
    • Thus lots of blood are between the dermal epidermal border
  • Allow the excess heat to be conducted through the epidermis and out to the air (convection)
98
Q

How does the skin have the following function?

Blood reservoir

A

Dermis carries 8-10% of total blood volume

  • In times of need(eg. bleeding out), the skin will become paler
    • B/c the BVs constrict in the skin to send the blood to other more important organs (eg. heart, brain, lungs) to keep you alive
99
Q

How does the skin offer protection from the environment chemically?

A

Chemical
- Oily secretions (sebum - set of proteins that break up the cell membrane of bacteria) containing defensins and low pH sweat (slightly acidic which keep some bacteria away), help retard the growth of microbes
- Melanin protects stem cells from damaging UV rays

100
Q

How does the skin offer protection from the environment physically?

A
  • Continuity (no breaks)
    • Epidermis is a continuous layer of cells (no breaks or gaps between the cells)
    • Act as a barrier to entry of pathogens into your body
  • Designed to withstand abrasion (thickness of epidermis & keratin, a tough protein)
101
Q

How does the skin offer protection from the environment biologically?

A
  • Intraepidermal macrophages provide immune surveillance and help activate other immune cells

If a pathogen made past the keratocyte into your epidermis and goes down into the dermis, the macrophages will know its there and start gobbling them (also send signals to other immune cells for help)
- Leads to an inflammation

102
Q

How does cutaneous sensations work?

A

Conveys external sensations to the spinal cord
- sensors for pain, temp, touch, pressure, etc

  • A lot of skin-related sensations are conveyed to the spinal cord b/c of neurons in the dermis and some in the stratum basale of the epidermis
  • Sensory receptors are located in the dermis
    • In some cases, some goes up into the epidermis
103
Q

How does the skin have the function of excretion and absorption?

A
  • Waste products such as amonia and urea exreted with sweat
  • A source of “insensible” H2O loss
    • The amount of H2O loss has no way to capture and measure it (have to be estimated)
  • Absorbs lipids, gases and organic solvents
    • Anything that can pass through fat can potentially enter the skin

Sensible water loss: can be captured and measured (eg. urine)

104
Q

How does metabolism in skin work?

A
  • Contributes to the synthesis of vitamin D to maintain Ca 2+ homeostasis
    • 3 organs are involved
  • Synthesis of vitamin D precursor requires UV exposure (further metabolized by liver and kidney)
    • Need around 15 min/day of UV radiation to get enough vitamin D
105
Q

What are the 3 organs involved in the synthesis of vitamin D?

A
  1. Cholesterol (converted by UV radiation in the skin)

Go to the liver through the bloodstream

  1. Liver - creates another intermediate
  2. Kidneys - act upon the intermediate
106
Q

Why does tattoos fade/blurry over time?

A

Tattoos fade / become blurry over time as macrophages absorb the ink particles and slowly migrate away

UV rays also damage ink particles causing fading/discolouration.

1H06A (8 decks)

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