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equine-10-nervous sys dz > 03 - peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular disease > Flashcards

03 - peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular disease Flashcards

1
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine LMN disease)

  1. Cx?
A
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2
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

  1. exotoxin results in what?
  2. what toxin usually causes in horses?
A
  1. muscle weakness
  2. b toxin (in hay)

(C toxin in rotting carcasses)

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3
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

  1. 3 routes of infection?
A
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4
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

  1. toxin acts presynaptically at peripheral cholinergic neuromuscular junction by doing what?
  2. results in what?
A
  1. blocking acetylcholine
  2. flaccid paralysis
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5
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage paralysis - adult form)

  1. cx?
A
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6
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

(dx)

  1. Cx
  2. demonstration of what in serum?
  3. demonstration of what in GI tract or feed materials?
A
  1. preformed toxin
  2. clostridium botulinum
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7
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

(tx)

  1. give what?

only effective against what?

  1. enteral feeding support
A
  1. antitoxin

unbound toxin

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8
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

  1. what for prevention?
A
  1. toxoid (3X, 30 days apart)
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9
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. similar to what human dz?
A
  1. atrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)
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10
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(path)

  1. non-inflammatory degeneration of what?
  2. leading to what?
A
  1. ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter

nuclei of CN V, VII, and XII

nucleus ambiguous

  1. atrophy of muscles
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11
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(signalment)

  1. sporadic in individual animals
  2. horses without access to pasture or horses with access to poor quality feed/hay and/or only pellets
  3. occurs in NE US and Canada
A
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12
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. mean age?

2.

A
  1. 9 years (2-23)
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13
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. Cx of subacute form?
A
  1. trembling and muscle fasciculations

wt shifting, low head carriage

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14
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. Cx of chronic form?
A
  1. gen muscle atrophy, may look emaciated
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15
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. subclincal form is hard to diagnose

just diminished strength

A
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16
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. clin path?
A
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17
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. gross changes?
A
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18
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(dx)

  1. hx of previous cases in stable
  2. horses withough access to what 2 things?
  3. low levels of what in serum?
  4. bx of what muscle?
A
  1. vit E and green forage
  2. vit E
  3. sacrocadaualis dorsalis muscle (atrophy)
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19
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

  1. need to diff from botulism

how diff?

A
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20
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(tx)

  1. give what?
  2. full recovery unlikely
  3. best prevention?
A
  1. bunch of vit E daily
  2. green grass!!!
21
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

A
22
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

  1. caused by what?
  2. how long is incubation after bacterial infection?
A
  1. clostridium tetani
  2. 2 weeks - 1 month
23
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

1-3. what are the three toxic proteins?

A
  1. tetanospasmin
  2. tetanlysin
  3. nonspasmogenic toxin
24
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

  1. toxin binds where on motor endplate?
  2. toxin inhibits release of what?
  3. causing what?
A
  1. presynaptic part

alpha-motor neuron binding

  1. glycine and GABA (inhibits the inhibitors)
  2. muscle rigidity, spasms, hypertonicity
25
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

  1. Cx?
A
26
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

  1. tx?
A
27
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

(prog)

  1. mortality rate in horses?
A
  1. about 80%
28
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)

  1. what channel gets fucked?
  2. inheritance?
  3. familial disease in what horse breed?
A
  1. sodium channel
  2. autosomal dominant
  3. quarter horses
29
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)

  1. cx?
A
30
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)

  1. dx?
A
  1. DNA test
31
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(stringhalt)

  1. distal axonal degeneration selectively involving what nerve fibers?
  2. fibrosis, schwann cell proliferation, denervation atrophy
A
  1. large myelinated
32
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(stringhalt)

  1. Cx?
A
  1. hyperflexion of one or both hocks
33
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(stringhalt)

  1. dx based on what?
A
  1. Cx
34
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(stringhalt)

  1. prog?
A
  1. poor - recovery is rare
35
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(shivers)

  1. greatest prevalence in what breeds?
  2. Cx?
A
  1. draft horses
  2. tremors of large muscles of upper leg

flexion of hindlimbs

36
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Sweeney)

  1. injury to what nerve?
  2. leading to atrophy of what muscles?
A
  1. suprascapular
  2. infraspinatus and supraspinatus
37
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Sweeney)

  1. Cx?
  2. tx?
A
  1. looks like dislocated shoulder
  2. sx - make a groove in scapula
38
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(radial nerve paralysis)

  1. Cx?
A
  1. horses have dropped elbow and can’t extend limb
39
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(femoral nerve paralysis)

  1. Cx?
A
  1. can’t bear weight on hindlimb
40
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Myotonia congenital)

  1. probably genetic - path?
A
  1. variable muscle fiber size

alterations in shape and size of nuclei

41
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Myotonia congenital)

  1. usually detected by what age?
A
  1. 1 year
42
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Myotonia congenital)

  1. Cx?
A
  1. well developed muscles

pelvic limb stiffness

muscles stay contracted, slow to relax

(associated w/ retinal dysplasia, lenticular opacities, gonadal hypoplasia)

43
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Myotonia congenital)

Dx?

A

Cx, delayed relaxation after contraction

44
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(Myotonia congenital)

  1. tx?
A
  1. phenytoin

(may have a functional life…)

45
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hypocalcemic tetany)

  1. what happens in this?
  2. caused by what (3 possible)
A
  1. lack of nerve cell membrane stabilization
  2. calcium pool deficit

metabolic alkalosis -> ^ Ca binding

normal Ca with hyperkalemia or hypochloremia

46
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hypocalcemic tetany)

  1. Cx caused by what?
  2. causing what?
A
  1. involuntary contraction of muscles

2.

47
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hypocalcemic tetany)

  1. tCa ~ 8 mg/dL -> ?
  2. tCa 5-8 mg/dL -> ?
  3. tCa < 5 mg/dL -> ?
A
  1. hyperexcitable
  2. tetany and incoordination
  3. stupor and recumbency
48
Q

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(hypocalcemic tetany)

  1. tx?
A
  1. 500 mL of Cal-Dex solution, IV slowly
49
Q
A

equine-10-nervous sys dz (3 decks)

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