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Year 1 Semester 1 > 03. Industrial Buildings - Construction Technology > Flashcards

03. Industrial Buildings - Construction Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 soil types

A
  1. Rock
    2.Gravels & Sands
  2. Silts & Clays
  3. Peat & Organic Soils
  4. Contaminated Ground
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2
Q

What are the Characteristics of Soil Type Gravels & Sands

A

A
Gravels & Sands - Characteristics are:

  1. Particles range from 0.06mm upwards
  2. Show little or no cohesion and will move independently of each other when loaded, if unrestrained
  3. If treated properly, these can provide an adequate building base.
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3
Q

What are the Characteristics of Soil Type Rock

A
  1. Provides a sound base on which to build
  2. Has very high load bearing characteristics
  3. Load bearing capacity does depend on how it was formed & if there are any deformations.
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4
Q

What are the 3 Rock types

A
  1. Igneous (granites & basalts) - Formed from molten material
  2. Sedimentary (Sandstone & Limestone) - Formed by deposit of sediment
  3. Metamorphic (Slate) - Formed by heat or pressure on other 2 rock types
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5
Q

What does the term “deep foundation” refer to?

A

Foundations deeper than 3m

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6
Q

Name four types of deep foundation

A
  1. Piles
  2. Deep pad
  3. Deep Strip
  4. Cassions & Piers
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7
Q

How are pile foundations generally categorised?

A

A) by the way in they are installed
B) by the way in which they transfer their loads to the ground.

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8
Q

What are the 2 common installation methods for foundation piles?

A

A) Displacement piles
B) Replacement piles

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9
Q

What are the 2 generic load transfer mechanisms for piles

A

A) End bearing piles
B) Friction piles

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10
Q

Name the characteristics of end bearing piles

A
  1. End bearing piles act as a column transferring loads to a stable load bearing strata below
  2. They are laterally restrained by the soil to avoid any failure by buckling.
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11
Q

Name the characteristics of friction piles

A
  1. The friction piles transfer loads to the ground surrounding the lengths of the pile.
  2. These are also laterally restrained by the soil to avoid any failure by buckling
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12
Q

Why is Pile Testing Necessary -

A
  1. To confirm the performance of the pile - Ground conditions vary so the performance of a pile will also vary. It is actually the ground being tested not the pile.
    1. It is also necessary to validate design, confirm ground conditions & used as a quality control tool.
      1. In large scale projects , testing can yield project savings because it can be use to improve & rationalise Pile design.
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13
Q

What are some of the functional requirements of walls below ground

A

Structural Stability, Durability, Moisture Exclusion, Buildability, Thermal & Acoustic Insulation may need to be considered depending on the form & function of th ebuilding.

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14
Q

What are issues to be considered when building sub-ground?

A
  1. Thermal/ Acoustic Insulation
  2. Environment can be hostile to construction materials
  3. Aggressive salts & high water tables can interfere with construction & durability
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15
Q

What are the main benefits of Secant Piles over Contiguous Piles?

A

The main benefits are Strength & Moisture Exclusion. The piles act collectively rather than individual units making them stronger. Smaller piles can be used because they are interlocked. Less Noisy Construction

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16
Q

What are the advantages of Diaphragm Walls?

A
  1. Install in virtually all soil conditions to any shapes and considerable depths.
  2. Can be constructed ahead of time & independent of of other site activities.
  3. Can be constructed with low headroom & restricted areas
  4. Walls can be quickly formed several hundred feet deep & through rock with good control over geometry & continuity
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17
Q

What are disadvantages of Diaphragm Walls

A
  1. They are expensive
  2. They are unsuited to strong soil conditions where penetration is slow & difficult due to the slurry trench method.
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18
Q

What factors determine the form of a ground floor

A
  1. Nature of Site
  2. Quality of Construction
  3. Required speed for constructing the building
  4. Construction form of building
  5. Nature & Extent of loadings
  6. Cost
    7 Required surface finish
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19
Q

What are the 2 basic types of ground floors

A

Ground supported and suspended

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20
Q

What are the 5 functional requirements of ground floors

A
  1. Structural Stability
  2. Thermal Insulation
  3. Exclusion of Ground Water
  4. Durability
  5. Provision of appropriate surface finish
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21
Q

What are the 3 categories of loads applied to floors?

A
  1. Rolling Loads - Wheeled Vehicles, trolleys & forklifts etc.
  2. Point loads - Legs of Racking & Shelving etc.
  3. Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDLs) - Items stored directly on floor,
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22
Q

What are the 4 broad categories for Joints in Large Floors

A
  1. Longtitudinal Joints
  2. Induced Joints
  3. Movement joints
  4. Isolation joints
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23
Q

What are the functional requirements of a structural frame of any type

A
  1. Strength & Stability
  2. Durability and lack of maintenance
  3. Fire Safety
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24
Q

What are some advantages of using Structural Timber Frames

A
  1. Speed of erection
  2. Ease of fixing
  3. Inherent fire resistance
  4. Sustainable Material (Carbon Neutral)
  5. Quality of Beams and Panels
  6. Improved aesthetics
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25
Q

What are the types of stress grading timber frames?

A
  1. Visual Grading - (Trained graders or computer software visually exam in the mill)
  2. Machine Grading - Tested for stiffness by measuring deflection under a load in a machine. Strength is proportional to stiffness.
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26
Q

What is a good way to fire proof timber frames in a domestic house?

A

Cross jointed12mm Gypsum Plasterboard will achieve 30 mins fire protection.
Cross jointed 25mm Gypsum Plasterboard will achieve 60 minutes fire protection.

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of CLT Buildings?

A
  1. Potential overturning effects due to possible wind loads and additional tie-down rods may be required.
  2. Costs, very expensive currently
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28
Q

What are the 4 common types of Replacement Piles

A
  1. Small Diameter - Bored - Cast in Situ
  2. Large Diameter - Bored - Cast in Situ
  3. Partially Pre-Formed Piles
  4. Grout Injection or Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
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28
Q

What are the 4 grades of basement

A
  1. Basic Utility - Car Parking, Mech Plant
  2. Better Utility - M&E Plant, Retail Storage
  3. Habitable - Offices, Residential, Kitchens, Restaurants, leisure centres
  4. Special - Archive Storage, books, documents, art
29
Q

What are the 4 levels of moisture exclusion in Basements Grades

A
  1. Basic Utility - Minor Wet seepage, visible damp is acceptable
  2. Better Utility -Wet Seepage is unacceptable no visible damp
  3. Habitable - No seepage or damp, controls to temperature & humidity required
  4. Special - Environment tightly controlled by active measures.
30
Q

What construction notes apply to Basement Grades?

A
  1. Basic Utility -Check ground water does not contain chemicals. Chemicals may degrade or have damaging effects on structures & finishes.
  2. Better Utility - Construction to be strongly supervised to ensure watertight construction. Membranes should be applied in multiple layers with lapped joints.
  3. Habitable - Construction to be strongly supervised to ensure watertight construction. Membranes should be applied in multiple layers with lapped joints.
  4. Special - Construction to be strongly supervised to ensure watertight construction. Membranes should be applied in multiple layers with lapped joints.
31
Q

What are the construction types relating to the 4 basement grades?

A
  1. Basic Utility - Reinforced concrete Type B
  2. Better Utility - Type A Internal Tanking & Type B Watertight Concrete.
  3. Habitable - Type A Internal Tanking, Type B Concrete Monolith, Type C Drained Cavity
  4. Special - Type A Internal Tanking, Type B Monolithic Concrete combined with vapour proof membrane, Type C Drained Cavity. Ventilated Wall Cavity & vapour barrier
32
Q

What are the 3 types of water resistant construction in basements.

A
  1. Type A -Barrier Protection
  2. Type B - Structurally integral protection (Waterproof Concrete)
  3. Type C - Drained protection.
33
Q

What are the 3 broad categories to approach basement construction?

A
  1. Open Excavations
  2. Excavation with Temporary support
  3. Excavation with permanent retaining walls formed prior to the main excavation
34
Q

Why are Framed Buildings becoming more common?

A
  1. The have a better space efficiency
  2. Using a frame allows more usable space within the building
  3. Advances in technology allow much large buildings be created
35
Q

What are the benefits of using Framed Buildings in Construction

A
  1. Small area of frame maximises usable floor area
  2. Allows greater flexibility in internal layouts & change of occupation etc.
  3. Savings in time & cost over load bearing forms of construction
  4. Ease of changing external building fabric if refurbishment required.
36
Q

What is the most common type of frame

A
  1. Skeleton Frame
37
Q

What factors should be considered when selecting a frame for a building?

A
  1. Materials - Cost and availability
  2. Labour - Is it available/specialised?
  3. Client Cash Flow - Are the funds available for the frame type
  4. Building size & shape- No. of floors and complexity of construction
  5. Building Use
  6. Maintenance requirements
  7. Environmental Impact/Sustainability
38
Q

Name the construction methods for frames

A
  1. In-Situ Reinforced concrete frames - All members are constructed on-site with re-bar and concrete.
  2. Precast reinforced concrete frames -
  3. Structural Steel Frames -
  4. Structural Timber Frames
39
Q

Why is formwork expensive?

A

Around 35% of any finished concrete costs can be for formwork of which 40% is for materials and 60% labour. Re-using formwork materials as often as possible is the most economical way to get value for money.

40
Q

What materials are used for formwork & why?

A
  1. Soft wood - readily available, relatively cheap, structural properties, easily worked, sustainable & good insulator
  2. Metals - (Steel / Aluminium) - Easily bolted/clipped together, not sustainable, high cost to make, good for high repetitive works
  3. Plastics - ADVANTAGES - Low weight, High reuse value, high quality finishes, but DISADVANTAGES - High manufacture costs, easily damaged, non-eco friendly.
  4. Glass reinforced plastic
  5. Expanded Polystyrene.
  6. Reinforced cardboard - Excellent for Columns
41
Q

What are the advantages of using In-Situ Concrete in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Flexibility of design
  2. Allows free form
  3. Cash Flow advantages due to low initial costs
  4. Good Fire Performance
42
Q

What are the dis-advantages of using In-Situ Concrete in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Highly skilled labour required
  2. Slow construction progress
  3. Potential quality issues
43
Q

What are the advantages of using Precast Concrete in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Quality assurance
  2. Fire Performance
  3. Quicker to install that in-situ
44
Q

What are the dis-advantages of using Precast Concrete in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Heavy weighted sections to be lifted
  2. Mass production required for cost effectiveness
45
Q

What are the advantages of using Steel Frames in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Easy to produce
  2. High strength to weight ratio
  3. Easy to install
46
Q

What are the dis-advantages of using Steel Frames in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Poor performance in fire if unprotected
  2. Poor environmentally
47
Q

What are the advantages of using Timber Frames in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Sustainable Material
  2. Lightweight
  3. Cheap
  4. Improving lead times
48
Q

What are the dis-advantages of using Timber Frames in High Rise Frames?

A
  1. Design Scepticism
  2. Height Limit - Accepted as 6 stories however that is currently being tested
49
Q

When would you use In-Situ Concrete High Rise Frames?

A

Any framed building but especially if one off buildings of non-standard shape

50
Q

When would you use Precast Concrete High Rise Frames?

A

Any framed building but particularly in buildings of high repetition

51
Q

When would you use Steel High Rise Frames?

A

Almost all frame types

52
Q

When would you use Timber Frame High Rise Frames?

A

Repetitive buildings such as hotels & apartments with caution of no. of storeys

53
Q

What are the 3 main aims of Fire Engineering?

A
  1. Systems & methods of building that allow time to escape the building
  2. Reducing the spread of fire
  3. Preventing Structural damage and or collapse of the building
54
Q

What are the advantages of a sprinkler system?

A
  1. Reaction time,
  2. Damage limitation
  3. Focus
55
Q

Explain how a sprinkler quartzoid bulb head in a deluge system works

A
56
Q

Explain what a zone is in fire engineering terms?

A

1.Prevent internal fire spread,
2. Means of escape,
3. Protection

57
Q

Explain the difference between open & closed circuited alarm systems

A
  1. Difference in healthy states
  2. Magnets
  3. Advantages/disadvantages
58
Q

What is a drench system in fire protection terms?

A
  1. Fitted to exterior of buildings to fight/prevent fire
59
Q

How do you reduce the spread of fire

A

Using zones & compartmentation - Learn diagram on onenote

60
Q

What are the 2 main categories of Fire Alarm?

A
  1. Manual - Break Glass Units
  2. Automatic - Smoke/heat detectors
61
Q

What are 2 types of smoke detector?

A
  1. Optical - laser senses smoke and
  2. Ionisation - Radioactive material between 2 plates gets conductive with smoke
62
Q

What is an open fire alarm circuit?

A
  1. Power supply separate from other installations
  2. Backup battery or generator required
  3. All normally open switches/ detectors used so little power used in run state.
  4. Disadvantage is if detection circuit is damaged switches will not operate
63
Q

What is a closed fire alarm circuit?

A
  1. Normally closed switches/detectors are used, power running through full system all the time
  2. Any break in circuit activates alarm
64
Q

Where is a Wet Sprinkler System used?

A
  1. In an installation where there is no risk of freezing
  2. System must be presurrised constantly
  3. Mains water supply to both ends of system for maintenance
65
Q

Where is a Dry Sprinkler System used?

A
  1. Cold Food Storage, Freezer locations
66
Q

What are the key points of a Drench Sprinkler System

A
  1. Provides a discharge of water over roofs, walls and windows to protect the building but also restrict fire spreading.
  2. Automatic drenchers are similar in operating principle to quartzoid bulb sprinkler heads
  3. A Manually operated stop valves can be used with dry pipes and open spray nozzles
  4. The stop valve must be located in a prominent position with unimpeded access to all people
67
Q

What are the 9 parts of a Quartzoid bulb sprinkler?

A
  1. Inlet
  2. Gasket
  3. Cap
  4. Coloured Liquid
  5. Deflector
  6. Cone
  7. Yoke
  8. Quartzoid bulb
  9. Valve Assembly
68
Q

What are the main criteria and forms of External Walls (Cladding Curtain Walls)

A
  1. Daylight & Ventilation
  2. Aesthetically acceptable
  3. Durability and lack of maintenance
  4. Fire Resistance
  5. Resist positive & negative wind pressures
  6. Rain & Wind penetrations resistant
69
Q

What are the 3 main categories of non-load bearing claddings

A
  1. Infill Walling/Panels
  2. Cladding
  3. Curtain Walling

Year 1 Semester 1 (3 decks)

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