03 Ethics in Research

Question 1

Generally, research would be deemed ethical if

Answer 1

most people would
judge the research to be morally upright.
• It should be more right than some alternative.
• Choose the most ethical option possible instead.
• You should not choose something because it is the least of all evils

Question 2

research ethics

Answer 2

as a standard of conduct for researchers
that distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable behavior

Question 3

Types of Concerns

Answer 3

Legal vs Illegal
• Ethical vs Unethical
• Moral vs Immoral
• Protecting your participants

Question 4

Belmont Report (Est. 1979)

Answer 4

• Respect for Persons
• Beneficence
• Justice

Question 5

The Common Rule (Est. 1991) added additional standards for
government-funded research.

Answer 5

Compliance
• Informed Consent
• IRB Requirements

Question 6

• Required elements of data protection:

Answer 6

• 1. Notice
• 2. Purpose
• 3. Consent
• 4. Security
• 5. Disclosure
• 6. Access
• 7. Accountability

Question 7

An error of omission would occur when

Answer 7

you fail to disclose information that a
consumer needs in order to understand your research.

Question 8

The error of commission is

Answer 8

any action that is committed in order to mislead.

Question 9

Types of concerns in ethics

Answer 9

legal v. illegal
moral v. immoral
ethical v. unethical

Question 10

Moral v. immoral

Answer 10

We think at the societal level
Minimal ethical guidelines
Morals are based on our beliefs and values

Question 11

National Research Act of 1974 (the Belmont report)—-1979

Answer 11

Were established as a foundation for ethics for research

Question 12

Core values of the Bellmont Report

Answer 12

respect for persons
beneficence
justice

Question 13

Respect for persons

Answer 13

You must hold respect for your participants and treat them as if they are autonomous agents, which means they can make decisions for themselves.

Question 14

Respect for persons protects certain types of people. Who are those?

Answer 14

Helps protect certain classes

People with diminished autonomy/diminished capacity
People who are in prison
Young children—anyone under 18
Mentally retarded
The Insane
Pregnant women

Question 15

Beneficence

Answer 15

You should do no harm to your participants and maximize benefits.
We shouldn’t go in trying to do harm

Question 16

Justice

Answer 16

We should provide fairness and equity in the selection of participants and the treatment of participants.
As fairly as possible

Question 17

Common Rule

Answer 17

Gave us guidelines for funding
Rules
Anything funded by the government must be compliant with the policy
Researchers must obtain written informed consent
Need to tell them what is going on
Deception should be minimized
Instiutioms must have an IRB
Approve the study before it goes
Recruitment procedures

Question 18

maintaining privacy

Answer 18

Anonymous data
There is no way to link one individual with an answer
Confidential
Link data to person

Question 19

7 Guidelines for maintaining data

Answer 19

notice, purpose, consent, security, disclosure, access, accountability,

Question 20

Notice

Answer 20

All data subjects should be given notice when data is being collected.
Give as much notice as possible
If there is not an expectation of privacy consent does not need to be given

Question 21

Purpose

Answer 21

Only be used for the purpose stated and not for any other purpose.

Question 22

Consent

Answer 22

Data should not be disclosed to other parties without consent

Question 23

Security

Answer 23

Kept secure from potential abuse
3-5 years after studying

Question 24

Disclosure

Answer 24

Should be informed on who is collecting their data

Question 25

Access

Answer 25

They need to have access to their data and correct any inaccuracy

Question 26

Accountability

Answer 26

Should have some way to hold data collectors accountable
The IRB usually serves as that function.
These are US rules, make sure you are compliant with the laws here and there

Question 27

Compensation

Answer 27

You dont want to provide too much compensation
Dont go over 25 because then it could be a brib or encourage those who normally would not participate to participate and harm autonomy