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002 - organology (III) > (02) Respiratory System I > Flashcards

(02) Respiratory System I Flashcards

1
Q

(Major Functions of the Respiratory System)

1-5. What are the five?

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. body temperature control
  3. phonation (production of sound (vocalization))
  4. olfaction
  5. metabolic functions
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2
Q

(Major Functions of the respiratory system)

(Gas exhange)

  1. takes in O2 and expels CO2

2-4. also does what three things?

A
  1. moistens air (glandular secretion)
  2. warms air and cools body
  3. filters air (mucociliary escalator)
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3
Q

(Major Functions of the repsiratory system)

(Body temperature control)

  1. in some species
  2. in what animal is 20% of heat generated during exercise exchanged across lung surface?
A
  1. horse
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4
Q

(Major Functions of the repsiratory system)

(metabolic functions)

  1. inactivates what four things?
  2. angiotensin converting enzyme (angiotenstinase) converts what to what?
A
  1. bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, and norepinephrine
  2. angiotensin I to angiotensin II (blood pressure regulation)
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5
Q

(Functional Adaptations of respiratory tract)

(gas exchange)

  1. must have what?
A
  1. thin walls (alveoli of lungs are very thin)
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6
Q

(Functional Adaptations of respiratory tract)

(Moistening of Air)

  1. requires what?
  2. usually what type?
A
  1. glands
  2. simple tubuloalveolar (tubuloacinar) serous or seromucous glands
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7
Q

(Functional Adaptations of respiratory tract)

(warming of air)

  1. many vessels with thick walls (erectile tissues)
  2. extensive terminal vascular bed found where?
A
  1. along conducting portion of the respiratory tract
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8
Q

(Functional Adaptations of respiratory tract)

(filtering of air)

  1. is accomplished by what?
  2. the mucous traps foreign substances and the cilia move it toward the phayrnx where it is swallowed or if excessive is coughed up and spit out
  3. What clears the nasal cavity?
  4. what is theis process referred to as?
A
  1. hair, mucous, and cilia (particles deposited/removed)
  2. sneezing
  3. the mucociliary escalator
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9
Q

(Functional Adaptations of respiratory tract)

(phonation

  1. possible due to the presence of what?
A
  1. the vocal apparatus
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10
Q

(Major subdivisions of mammalian respiratory tract)

1-3. What are the three portions?

A
  1. conducting portion
  2. transitional portion
  3. respiratory (exchange) portion
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11
Q

(Major subdivisions of mammalian respiratory tract)

(Conducting portion)

  1. ~ what volume in humans with short neck
  2. involved in moving what?
  3. runs from where to where?
  4. specific portions are responsible for what?
A
  1. ~150 mL
  2. confetti
  3. from nasal cavity through terminal (tertiary) bronchiole in lung
  4. olfaction and phonation
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12
Q

(Major subdivisions of mammalian respiratory tract)

(transitional portion)

  1. is it present in all animals?
  2. consists of what?
A
  1. only present in some animals (carnivores, monkeys)
  2. respiratory bronchioles (structures that conduct air and exchange gases)
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13
Q

(Major subdivisions of mammalian respiratory tract)

(Respiratory (exchange) portion)

  1. what percentage of lung volume in humans?
  2. region of what? area for exchange?
  3. consists of what three things?
A
  1. 97% (~ 3,000 mL)
  2. gas exchange (~ 100 m2, thickness ` 0.5 um)
  3. alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli (~300 X 10^6, each 0.3 mm diameter)
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14
Q

(Respiratory Epithelia)

1-3. What are the three main types?

A

1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar (PSC) epithelium

2. ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium

3. simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

(Respiratory Epithelia)

(Pseudostratified ciliary columnar (PSC) epithelium)

  1. with what two cell types?
  2. found from where to where?
  3. does the number of goblet cells increase or decrease near the small bronchi?
A
  1. goblet cells and basal cells
  2. nasal fossa to the small bronchi
  3. decreases
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16
Q

(Respiratory Epithelia)

(Ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium)

  1. found lining the what?
  2. how many goblet cells does it contain?
A
  1. bronchioles
  2. few to none
17
Q

(Respiratory Epithelia)

(simple squamous epithelium)

  1. found lining the what?
A
  1. alveoli of the lungs
18
Q

(Functional Morphology of the conducting portion)

(General Organization of the conducting Portion)

  1. lumen = ?
  2. what on a thick basal lamina lines the lumen?
  3. lamina propria/submucosa; character? does it have glands?
  4. tunica muscularis; character?
  5. tunica adventitia - what is it when present?
A
  1. the airway
  2. mucosa: epithelium (typically pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
  3. rich vascular connective tissue; glands in places
  4. muschel and/r cartilage (cartilage provides support because air at atomspheric pressure is very compressible)
  5. connective tissue
19
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

1-3 divided into what three parts?

A
  1. vestibule
  2. conducting region
  3. olfactory region
20
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Vestibule)

  1. most rostral part of what?
  2. stratified squamous epithelium is continuous with what?
  3. site of transition from what to what?
  4. What occur in the cutaneous portion?
A
  1. nasal cavity - short and transitional
  2. the skin
  3. keratinized stratifed squamous of the skin to mucous membrane (non-keratinized) of the nasal cavity
  4. hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
21
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Conducting Region 1)

  1. makes up the bulk of the nasal cavity
  2. area of conchae; lined by what? with what?
  3. branched tubuloalveolar mixed glands (mainly serous) are present
  4. Erectile tissue is common (vascular cavites lined by enothelium and continuous with blood vessels); usually collapsed - becomes engorged with blood when? acting as what mechanism? What else does engorgement do?
A
  1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSC); goblet cells, non-ciliated cells, brush cells (sensory), and basal cells
  2. under neural stimulation; heat transfer mechanism; decreases air flow
22
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Conducting Region II)

  1. what are remove in nasal passages?
  2. What are shelves of tissue extending from lateral wall of nasal cavity of cribriform plate towards the septum? accomplish what? In contrast to humans and ungulates the conchae have what patterns in carnivores?
A
  1. inhaled heavy particles (not: nasal mucosa has been shown to metabolize and detoxify many inhaled compounds)
  2. concahe (turbinates); increase surface area of the nasal cavity; complex folding and branching
23
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Conducting Region)

(conchae)

  1. core is comprised of what surrounded by what? does it have a rich vascular supply, glands, and nerves?
  2. Convex surface is exposed to what? has numerous what type of gland? Concave surface is what surface?
A
  1. bone or hyaline cartilage surrounded by loose to coarse connective tissue ; yes
  2. air; tubuloalveolar (tubuloacinar) serous glands (and many blood vessels)
  3. unexposed surface - and has fewer glands and more cilia
24
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Olfactory Region)

  1. What part of the nasal cavity?
  2. lined by what with what?
  3. The olfactory portion is associated with the wat? Which are convered by what on each surface?
A
  1. dorsocaudal part
  2. thick PSC epithelium (as many as 15 layers of nuclei) with goblet cels
  3. ethmoconchae; respitaory epitelium on one and olfactory epithelium on other
25
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Olfactory Region)

  1. core is usually comprised of what?
  2. respiratory surface - character?
  3. Olfactory surface - tall PSC epithelium with 3 different cell populations - what are they?
A
  1. bone (one way to distinguish the ethmoconchae from the conchae of the respiratory portion)
  2. thin layer of connective tissue - PSC epithelium with goblet cells and cilia
  3. basal cells, olfactory (neurosensory) cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells
26
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Olfactory region)

(Olfactory surface)

(Basal Cells)

  1. what in shape?
  2. contain what?
A
  1. cuboidal
  2. tonofilaments and free ribosomes

(may replace other cell types)

27
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Olfactory region)

(Olfactory surface)

(Olfactory (neurosensory) cells)

  1. are really what? that give rise to what?
  2. how do nuclei stain?
  3. prominent what at the apex?
  4. also have llong non-motile modified cilia
A
  1. bipolar neurons; non-myelinated olfactory nerves
  2. darkly
  3. nucleoli
28
Q

(Nasal Cavity)

(Olfactory region)

(Olfactory surface)

(Supporting (sustentacular) cells)

  1. Tall cells with a narrow base
  2. oval nucles positioned where?
  3. are pigment granules common?
  4. function to support what cells mechanically and metaboliicaly?

(Note: the secretions of branched tubuloalveolar serous glands of the olfactory portion are responsible for what?)

A
  1. apically and microvili
  2. yes
  3. olfactory cells

(cleansing the olfactory surface and help to solubilize odors for detection)

29
Q

(Paranasal Sinuses)

  1. spaced bounded by what 4 bones? continuous with what?
  2. lined by what?
  3. the mucosa lacks what? tighly adhered to what? hence referred to as what?
A
  1. maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid; the nasal cavity
  2. thin PSC epithelium with a few goblet cells
  3. erectile tissue; underlying bone; mucoperiosteum
30
Q

(Vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s organ))

  1. a pair of fluid-filled tubes that are connected through fine ducts to the what? which runs from where to where? In what animal is this connection not present?
  2. Lined by what? Have what on medial walls?

(Function)

  1. permits sampling of what? has a what capability? sends info where?
A
  1. nasopalatine canal; incisive papilla in the oral cavity to the nasal cavity; horses
  2. respiratory epithelium; olfactory epithelium
  3. substances that are volatized by licking or inhalation; sex-scent capturing capability (pheremones); directly to limbic system (phereomones releated to mating behavior)
31
Q

(Nasopharynx)

  1. the part of the nasal passage located where? connects what to what?
  2. lined by what with what?
  3. contains this thing - unencapsulated lymphoid tissue on the pharyngeal septum that is best deveoped in cattle - what is it? situated where?
A
  1. way dorsal to the soft palate; nasal cavity with the laryngopharynx
  2. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  3. pharyngeal tonsil; deep to PSC epithelium and in the lamina propria
32
Q

(Larynx)

  1. a cartilage supported muscular tube that connects what?
  2. the first solely respiratory structure we enconunter - has several function including what?
  3. Epithelium: lined by what distal to level of vocal fold?
  4. lamina propria: many what present in connective tissue?
  5. tunica muscularis: contains both what and what?
  6. tunica adventitia - comprised of what?
  7. branched tubuloacinar glands and nodular lymphoid tissues are present
  8. sensory innervation via what and what for gagging and coughing reflexes
A
  1. the pharynx with the trachea
  2. phonatino
  3. PSC epithelium (where stratified squaomous is present)
  4. elastic fibers
  5. striated muscle and cartilaginous framework (hyaline and elastic)
  6. loose connective tissue
  7. 9th (sensory) and 10th (motor) cranial nerves
33
Q

and just read the rest - i am not sorry!

A

002 - organology (III) (5 decks)

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