02 Religions and the City temples

Question 1

Information about the sanctuary

Answer 1

–> Sanctuary to Zeus. Birthplace of Zeus. Games were held here (Olympics), 12 labours of Herakles.
Hera also worshipped here. At the foot of the temple of Mt. Cronos. Where Zeus is meant to have thrown a lightning bolt and claimed the area as his own.

Question 2

Altar of Zeus

Answer 2

Sacrifice of 100 oxen.
Ashes (mixed with water) formed the altar.

Question 3

Temple of Zeus (4 points)

Answer 3

• Doric temple
• Metopes showing Lebours of Herakles
• Built 470-457 BC. Pediments show the Pelops story on East; Centauromachy on the Weat.
• Madoe Gold and Ivory (explains why there is not left of it today - takes by theives.)

Question 4

Who was Phidias? (2 points)

Answer 4

The man that designed:
- The statue of Zeus in the Temple of Zeus
- The statue of Athena in the Pelopeion

Question 5

What was the story of Pelops? (4 points)

Answer 5

1. Pelops wanted to marry Hippodomeia
2. Her father (King Oenomaos) challenged him to a chariot race (the loserd would be killed)
3. The Chariot keeper bribed by Pelops that if he won he would let him sleep with Hippodomeina if he cut/ground down the wheels.
4. Father killed, Pelops won.

Question 6

Why was the story of Pelops places on the East Pediment?

Answer 6

Beleived to be the start of the Olympic games (along with Heracles)

Question 7

Give 5 facts about the Temple of Zeus

Answer 7

• East pediment is Oenomaus and Pelops
• West Pediment is Centauromachy
• Doric frieze is Labours of Heracles
• Doric temple
• 6 columns by 13 columns

Question 8

Give 10 points about the Statue of Zeus in the Temple of Zeus

Answer 8

• One of the ancient wonders of the world. No longer exists
• 13m tall, even though sitting down on throne
• Zeus is made of gold and ivory
• Garland of olive on head
• Holds ivory and gold statue of Victory wearing a ribbon and garland in right hand
• Holds sceptre in left hand
• Eagle on sceptre (Zeus’ bird)
• Gold sandals and robe
• Pool of olive oil in front of statue to maintain the ivory on the statue and gave shimmering reflection of the light
• Designed by Phidias, who also designed statue of Athena in Parthenon

Question 9

Why was there a pool of olive oil in front of the statues of Zeus? (2 points)

Answer 9

• To keep the ivory on the statues maintained
• To give the statue a shimmering reflection of light

Question 10

What was the height of the statue of Zeus?

Answer 10

13m

Question 11

What was the Altar of Zeus made from?

Answer 11

The ash of the thigs of victims sacrificed to Zeus mied with water. (Hecatomb to Zeus in 3rd day of Olympics, so plenty of ash.)

Question 12

What was a sanctuary (2 points) and what elements did it contain (4 points)?

Answer 12

It was a holy area in a city or town (1) that had a wall to separate it from the city (1), and a temple and an altar dedicated to one or more god/dess (1). Also had fresh water source to cleanse pollution (1).

Question 13

What were temples used for? (2 points)

Answer 13

• Used to house the cult statues of the God
• Gave residence to Gods who resided on Eath from mount Olympus

Question 14

Where was the altar (1 point) and why (2 points)?

Answer 14

Outside the temple (1), to please the Gods with the smell fo the meat (1), and the keep the temple clean (1)

Question 15

What was the axis orientation of the altar?

Answer 15

(Most common) East to West

Question 16

Difference between Doric and Ionic temples?

Answer 16

Doric temple has broken freize with metopes, Ionic is one continuous frieze.

Question 17

What role did a Hiereus/ Hiereia play? (4 points)

Answer 17

• Look after the temple of the God(dess)
• Make sure proper ritual was carried out with correct precision
• Certain priests has particualr benefits and responisibilities, and were often linked to one specific God(dess)

Question 18

Why would one wish to become a Hiereus/ Hiereia? (2 points + 3 points for explaining what they were NOT expected to do)

Answer 18

• To show commitment to their city.
• It was a temporary role, and required no training, though it could last from 1 festival to a year to their entire life.
  (- They were not expected to spread Gods’ word/ hold services/ and were not expected to provide pastoral care)

Question 19

Why did Greeks make sacrifices? (2 points)

Answer 19

• Offering to the Gods
• For good omens

Question 20

What did the Greeks offer to the Gods in sacrifices? (5 points)

Answer 20

• money
• expensive food
• valuable things
• blood sacrifices
• jewelwry

Question 21

What sort of aniumal were used in a sacrifice? List both the species (4 points) of animal and what condition they were required to be in. (1 point)

Answer 21

• Bulls
• Pigs
• Chickens
• Pigeons

Expected to be the best out of their livestock - in prime condition.

Question 22

Give the 10 steps of a Greek Sacrifice:

Answer 22

1. Animals were clean, to not pollute the sacrifice. Particiapnts would wear their best clothes and sometimes garlands. The animal would be glided on its horns (if any), then led to the altar by attendants.
2. There was always a maiden who carried a basted of barley/grains and the sacrificial knife.
3. The number of attendants from sacrifices would vary, but musicians + water-bearers were compulsory.
4. Musicians were important to keep the animal less firghtenend - if the beast showed fear, it was a sign from the Gods to restart the festival
5. The procession arrived at the sanctuary, pariticpants clean themselves again with water. Everyone gathers around the lit altar.
   6.Before the kill, water would be poured onto the animal, and everybody would throw handfuls of grain into the fire.
6. Now the preparations are complete, the sacrifices is done by sutting the throat of the animal. Its blood would be poured onto the altar.
7. The feast begins. The God would recieve their portion of boes wrapped in fat first (given by being burned on tha altar), and wine being poured onto the fire.
8. After the meat was cooked, the God will be named, and since meat was not commonly consumed in Greece (and sacrifices were rare), they would feast lavishly.
9. No part of the animal was wasted. The skin would be devoted to the God/ to the altar.

Question 23

What were the 5 steps of Roman sacrifice that were different to the Greek?

Answer 23

• Pontifex would lead the ceremony, or a private citizen if it was smaller
• Participants would wash and dress in their best clothes
• Animals would be glided, and ribbons would be tied around its tail or horns
• Presisind priest would veils its head with his toga, and there would be flute players
• At the altar, the priest woudl sprinkle mola salsa onto the animals head.

Question 24

Role of Greek Priest(ess) (4 points)

Answer 24

• Look after the temple of the God(ess)
• Make surre proper prayer/ sacrifice was carried out with correct ritual
• Certain priests has specific responsibilities
• One who sacrifices to a God(ess)