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CAPS 301 > 02 Central Nervous System > Flashcards

02 Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Inputs into the brain

A

Afferents (SENSORY)

Eg. Touch, pain & temperature, special senses: see, smell, hear, balance, taste

Perceive through INPUTS via receptors and transmit info to the brain via AP.

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2
Q

Outputs from the brain

A

Efferents (MOTOR)

Output comes from brain (cranial nerves) and reaches its targets through a peripheral nerve.

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3
Q

CNS consists of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

PNS consists of?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Ganglia

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5
Q

Rostral

A

Up

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6
Q

Caudal

A

Down

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7
Q

Superior

A

Top

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8
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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9
Q

Inferior

A

Bottom

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10
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

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11
Q

Anterior

A

Head end

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12
Q

Posterior

A

Rear end

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13
Q

3 Planes or Orientation for the Brain?

A

Horizonal - Slice across
Coronal - Slice down x axis of superior brain
Sagittal - Slice down y axis of superior brain

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14
Q

Gray Matter

A

Consists of nerve cell bodies (Near outside edges of brain)

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15
Q

White Matter

A

Axons (Towards the center of the brain)

Mostly white cause myelin = fat = white

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16
Q

Where do fibre tracts travel?

A

Descending fibres - Cortex to spinal cord
Ascending fibres - Spinal cord to cortex
Crossing the midline - right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body

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17
Q

Brainstem

A 
Consists of: Midbrain, Pons and Cerebellum, Medulla
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Cranial nerve nuclei
Connections to and from the cerebellum
Intrinsic Systems (Reticular Formation)
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18
Q

Forebrain

A

Hemispheres
Deep Nuclei (Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic system)
Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus)

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Deep nuclei in forebrain
Controls what information reaches the CORTEX
Consciousness

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20
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Movement

Cortical output

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement

Prediction and Coordination of cortical output

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22
Q

Limbic System

A

Processing of Emotionality

Saliency filtering

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23
Q

3 Layers of the Eye?

A

Sclera
Uveal Tract - Blood supply
Retina

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24
Q

3 Compartments of the Eye?

A

Anterior Chamber
Vitreous Body
Posterior Chamber

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25
Q

Schlemm’s canal

A

Where Aqueous Humour is constantly recycled so the fluid over the iris stays clear.

26
Q

Aqueous Humour

A

Produced by Ciliary body

27
Q

Glaucoma

A

Term describing ocular disorders

28
Q

Rods

A 
Contain Rhodopsin
Peripheral Retina
Night/Movement
Extremely sensitive to light
120mil Rods in Retina
29
Q

Cones

A 
Contain Iodopsin
Central Retina
Color & Focus
Visual Acuity
6mil Cones in Retina

Cones Central Color

30
Q

Where does refraction occur?

A

Cornea and at the lens.

Refractive power of cornea is greater but lens can change its shape.

31
Q

Central Fovea

A

Contains ONLY CONE receptors

Greatest Visual Acuity - interfering cell layers pushed aside and light falls directly on photoreceptors.

32
Q

Optic Disc

A

Blind spot
Emerging retinal arteries
No photoreceptors

33
Q

Dark Current (LIGHT OFF)

A

Constant release of GLUTAMATE by CONES.
Constant Depolarization
OFF Ganglion fires AP
ON Ganglion does NOT fire AP

34
Q

“Light Current” (LIGHT ON)

A

LESS GLUTAMATE release due to hyperpolarized cone receptor by light.
Close channels.
OFF Ganglion does NOT fire AP
ON Ganglion fires AP

35
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A

Left field projects to RIGHT cortex

Right field projects to LEFT cortex

36
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Tells SPATIAL vision: Where? How?

37
Q

Ventral Stream

A

Tells OBJECT vision: What? (Recognition)

38
Q

Extereoceptors

A

OUTER - Interact with world around us
Pain and Temperature
Discriminative Touch/Vibration

39
Q

Proprioceptors

A

INNER
Join receptors
Golgi tendon organs - know force generated on a body part
Muscle spindle

40
Q

Anterolateral System

A

Comprises of ALL FIBRES carrying {Pain & Temperature} from the spinal cord to the brainstem + thalamus.

41
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

Comprises of ONLY the fibres projecting from the spinal cord to the thalamus.

42
Q

01 {Pain & Temperature}

A

Anterolateral System: Spinothalamic Tract
( 1 ) Cell body in spinal ganglion crosses midline at level of spinal cord
Synapse with 2nd Order Neuron @ spinal cord (Posterior horn)
( 2 ) Fibres ascend the anterolateral system (Spinal cord > brainstem + thalamus) contralaterally
( 3 ) Fibres synapses + terminates at VPL of Thalamus
Neurons in thalamus project to Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Lateral) and ‘Limbic system (Medial system)’

43
Q

Medial System

A

Emotional response to pain - OUCH

44
Q

Lateral System

A

Discriminative localization of pain - You know where the pain is. (Eg. Left toe)

45
Q

02 (Discriminative Touch, Vibration, Pressure)

A

Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
( 1 ) Cell body in spinal ganglion
( 2 ) Ascends in Posterior Column + Synapses with 2nd Order Neuron in Caudal Medulla + Crosses midline
( 3 ) Ascends to Thalamus contralaterally through Medial Lemniscus
( 4 ) Synapse in VPL of Thalamus with 3rd Order Neuron and then projects to Primary Somatosensory Cortex

46
Q

03 (Proprioception)

A

Conscious proprioception - (Cortex)
Travels with the Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus System to the Thalamus > Cortex

Unconscious proprioception - (Cerebellum)
Travels through Spinocerebellar tract to Cerebellum
Enters spinal cord, ascends ipsilaterally and enters cerebellum on the same side (Some synapses along the way)

47
Q

Why are synapses important?

A

Every synapse you can decide if you want to continue with this information or not.

48
Q

What does the motor system control?

A

Limb movement
Posture
Core
Balance

49
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

Innervation of limbs

Skilled movement of extremeties

50
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Tract

A

Innervation of proximal muscles
Postural adjustment
Stabilizes core

51
Q

04 (Corticospinal Tract)

A

( 1 ) Primary Motor Cortex (Upper Motor Neuron UMN)- Where cell bodies are (SUPER LONG Axons: Brainstem to Caudal Medulla)
( 2 ) Lateral crosses over @ Medulla, Anterior stays on the same side and crosses @ Spinal Cord level
( 3 ) Synapses at Spinal Cord with Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) for Lateral and Anterior

Goes from UMN to LMN - no synapses.

52
Q

What is the trend seen in somatotopic organization from cortex to spinal cord?

A

Important areas get more cortical space.

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53
Q

What does the motor system do?

A

Does more than just control of voluntary movements.
Compensates for balance (Vestibulospinal tracts)
Compensates for voluntary movement
Muscle tone - Readiness of a muscle. Couch potato vs olympic athlete in 100m dash - Y-neurones
Moves our eyes/head towards what interests us
Motor reflexes

54
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Maintains balance, postural control, muscle tone, gravity

55
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A

Postural control, muscle tone

56
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

Directs eyes and head/neck to object of interest.

57
Q

What are the 3 Lobes of the Cerebellum?

A

( 1 ) Flocculonodular Lobe (Vestibulocerebellum) - Trunk control and stability and tells us about gravity - deals with Vestibular information. [WORM]

( 2 ) Anterior Lobe (Spinocerebellum/Vermis) - Synergistic movements of extremeties [NEWT]

( 3 ) Posterior Love (Cerebrocerebellum) - Has most SA of neurons. - Coordination of intricate and complex movements, topographical representation of the extremities, areas for eye movement and speech (tongue mouth face etc).

58
Q

What are the 3 Cerebellar Loops and their function?

A

Vestibulocerebellar connections
Spinocerebellar connections
Cerebrocerebellar connections

Allow:

  • Coordinated, balanced and smooth movement
  • Anticipation of movement
  • Predictions that feedback to the cortex (Predicts movement of everything in field of vision)
59
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

Stickler for detail - Micro-manager
Coordinator and predictor of movement.

Balance - Linked to vestibular nuclei
Gait - Pattern of movement of the limbs
Receives and interprets proprioceptive information (Muscle tone, where my limbs are etc)
Fine Movements, Hand-Eye Coordination
Predicts sensory consequences of movement.
Information sent to cerebellum can be used for skilled manipulation of muscles and mental concepts.

60
Q

Vestibular Information of the Cerebellum

A

Project from PARAVERMIS (next2vermis) to FLOCCULONODULAR lobe.

Provides information about the position of the head and body in space.
Helps orient eyes during locomotion.

61
Q

Vestibulocerebellar Loop

A

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CAPS 301 (5 decks)

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