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CAPS 301 > 02 Central Nervous System > Flashcards

02 Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Inputs into the brain

A

Afferents (SENSORY)

Eg. Touch, pain & temperature, special senses: see, smell, hear, balance, taste

Perceive through INPUTS via receptors and transmit info to the brain via AP.

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2
Q

Outputs from the brain

A

Efferents (MOTOR)

Output comes from brain (cranial nerves) and reaches its targets through a peripheral nerve.

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3
Q

CNS consists of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

PNS consists of?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Ganglia

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5
Q

Rostral

A

Up

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6
Q

Caudal

A

Down

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7
Q

Superior

A

Top

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8
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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9
Q

Inferior

A

Bottom

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10
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

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11
Q

Anterior

A

Head end

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12
Q

Posterior

A

Rear end

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13
Q

3 Planes or Orientation for the Brain?

A

Horizonal - Slice across
Coronal - Slice down x axis of superior brain
Sagittal - Slice down y axis of superior brain

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14
Q

Gray Matter

A

Consists of nerve cell bodies (Near outside edges of brain)

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15
Q

White Matter

A

Axons (Towards the center of the brain)

Mostly white cause myelin = fat = white

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16
Q

Where do fibre tracts travel?

A

Descending fibres - Cortex to spinal cord
Ascending fibres - Spinal cord to cortex
Crossing the midline - right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body

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17
Q

Brainstem

A 
Consists of: Midbrain, Pons and Cerebellum, Medulla
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Cranial nerve nuclei
Connections to and from the cerebellum
Intrinsic Systems (Reticular Formation)
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18
Q

Forebrain

A

Hemispheres
Deep Nuclei (Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic system)
Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus)

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Deep nuclei in forebrain
Controls what information reaches the CORTEX
Consciousness

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20
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Movement

Cortical output

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement

Prediction and Coordination of cortical output

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22
Q

Limbic System

A

Processing of Emotionality

Saliency filtering

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23
Q

3 Layers of the Eye?

A

Sclera
Uveal Tract - Blood supply
Retina

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24
Q

3 Compartments of the Eye?

A

Anterior Chamber
Vitreous Body
Posterior Chamber

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25
Schlemm's canal
Where Aqueous Humour is constantly recycled so the fluid over the iris stays clear.
26
Aqueous Humour
Produced by Ciliary body
27
Glaucoma
Term describing ocular disorders
28
Rods
``` Contain Rhodopsin Peripheral Retina Night/Movement Extremely sensitive to light 120mil Rods in Retina ```
29
Cones
``` Contain Iodopsin Central Retina Color & Focus Visual Acuity 6mil Cones in Retina ``` Cones Central Color
30
Where does refraction occur?
Cornea and at the lens. | Refractive power of cornea is greater but lens can change its shape.
31
Central Fovea
Contains ONLY CONE receptors | Greatest Visual Acuity - interfering cell layers pushed aside and light falls directly on photoreceptors.
32
Optic Disc
Blind spot Emerging retinal arteries No photoreceptors
33
Dark Current (LIGHT OFF)
Constant release of GLUTAMATE by CONES. Constant Depolarization OFF Ganglion fires AP ON Ganglion does NOT fire AP
34
"Light Current" (LIGHT ON)
LESS GLUTAMATE release due to hyperpolarized cone receptor by light. Close channels. OFF Ganglion does NOT fire AP ON Ganglion fires AP
35
What is the visual pathway?
Left field projects to RIGHT cortex | Right field projects to LEFT cortex
36
Dorsal Stream
Tells SPATIAL vision: Where? How?
37
Ventral Stream
Tells OBJECT vision: What? (Recognition)
38
Extereoceptors
OUTER - Interact with world around us Pain and Temperature Discriminative Touch/Vibration
39
Proprioceptors
INNER Join receptors Golgi tendon organs - know force generated on a body part Muscle spindle
40
Anterolateral System
Comprises of ALL FIBRES carrying {Pain & Temperature} from the spinal cord to the brainstem + thalamus.
41
Spinothalamic Tract
Comprises of ONLY the fibres projecting from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
42
01 {Pain & Temperature}
Anterolateral System: Spinothalamic Tract ( 1 ) Cell body in spinal ganglion crosses midline at level of spinal cord Synapse with 2nd Order Neuron @ spinal cord (Posterior horn) ( 2 ) Fibres ascend the anterolateral system (Spinal cord > brainstem + thalamus) contralaterally ( 3 ) Fibres synapses + terminates at VPL of Thalamus Neurons in thalamus project to Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Lateral) and 'Limbic system (Medial system)'
43
Medial System
Emotional response to pain - OUCH
44
Lateral System
Discriminative localization of pain - You know where the pain is. (Eg. Left toe)
45
02 (Discriminative Touch, Vibration, Pressure)
Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway ( 1 ) Cell body in spinal ganglion ( 2 ) Ascends in Posterior Column + Synapses with 2nd Order Neuron in Caudal Medulla + Crosses midline ( 3 ) Ascends to Thalamus contralaterally through Medial Lemniscus ( 4 ) Synapse in VPL of Thalamus with 3rd Order Neuron and then projects to Primary Somatosensory Cortex
46
03 (Proprioception)
Conscious proprioception - (Cortex) Travels with the Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus System to the Thalamus > Cortex Unconscious proprioception - (Cerebellum) Travels through Spinocerebellar tract to Cerebellum Enters spinal cord, ascends ipsilaterally and enters cerebellum on the same side (Some synapses along the way)
47
Why are synapses important?
Every synapse you can decide if you want to continue with this information or not.
48
What does the motor system control?
Limb movement Posture Core Balance
49
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Innervation of limbs | Skilled movement of extremeties
50
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
Innervation of proximal muscles Postural adjustment Stabilizes core
51
04 (Corticospinal Tract)
( 1 ) Primary Motor Cortex (Upper Motor Neuron UMN)- Where cell bodies are (SUPER LONG Axons: Brainstem to Caudal Medulla) ( 2 ) Lateral crosses over @ Medulla, Anterior stays on the same side and crosses @ Spinal Cord level ( 3 ) Synapses at Spinal Cord with Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) for Lateral and Anterior Goes from UMN to LMN - no synapses.
52
What is the trend seen in somatotopic organization from cortex to spinal cord?
Important areas get more cortical space. ? not sure if this card is correct.
53
What does the motor system do?
Does more than just control of voluntary movements. Compensates for balance (Vestibulospinal tracts) Compensates for voluntary movement Muscle tone - Readiness of a muscle. Couch potato vs olympic athlete in 100m dash - Y-neurones Moves our eyes/head towards what interests us Motor reflexes
54
Vestibulospinal Tract
Maintains balance, postural control, muscle tone, gravity
55
Reticulospinal Tract
Postural control, muscle tone
56
Tectospinal Tract
Directs eyes and head/neck to object of interest.
57
What are the 3 Lobes of the Cerebellum?
( 1 ) Flocculonodular Lobe (Vestibulocerebellum) - Trunk control and stability and tells us about gravity - deals with Vestibular information. [WORM] ( 2 ) Anterior Lobe (Spinocerebellum/Vermis) - Synergistic movements of extremeties [NEWT] ( 3 ) Posterior Love (Cerebrocerebellum) - Has most SA of neurons. - Coordination of intricate and complex movements, topographical representation of the extremities, areas for eye movement and speech (tongue mouth face etc).
58
What are the 3 Cerebellar Loops and their function?
Vestibulocerebellar connections Spinocerebellar connections Cerebrocerebellar connections Allow: - Coordinated, balanced and smooth movement - Anticipation of movement - Predictions that feedback to the cortex (Predicts movement of everything in field of vision)
59
What does the Cerebellum do?
Stickler for detail - Micro-manager Coordinator and predictor of movement. Balance - Linked to vestibular nuclei Gait - Pattern of movement of the limbs Receives and interprets proprioceptive information (Muscle tone, where my limbs are etc) Fine Movements, Hand-Eye Coordination Predicts sensory consequences of movement. Information sent to cerebellum can be used for skilled manipulation of muscles and mental concepts.
60
Vestibular Information of the Cerebellum
Project from PARAVERMIS (next2vermis) to FLOCCULONODULAR lobe. Provides information about the position of the head and body in space. Helps orient eyes during locomotion.
61
Vestibulocerebellar Loop
?

CAPS 301 (5 decks)

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