01_Haematology & Immunology

Question 1

What percentage of body weight is comprised of water? Compare body weight in males and females.

Answer 1

57% water

5L females; 5.5L males

Question 2

What is the effect of obesity on % water in body per weight?

Answer 2

decrease

Question 3

Under normal conditions, what is the largest source of fluid output from the body? How about during heavy exercise?

Answer 3

normal: urine
exercise: sweat

Question 4

Put the following compartments in order according to decreasing fluid content:
plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid

Answer 4

Intracellular > Interstitial > Plasma

Question 5

Na+ is lowest in (P/IC/IS) and K+ is highest in (P/IC/IS).

P=plasma, IC=intracellular fluid, IS=interstitial fluid

Answer 5

Na+ lowest in IC

K+ highest in IC

Question 6

What is the main difference in the composition of plasma and interstitial fluid? Explain why this is the case.

Answer 6

Composition is similar except interstitial fluid has far fewer proteins than plasma. This is because the capillary membranes are not permeable to the large proteins.

Question 7

How is the size of a molecule related to its permeability across a capillary?

Answer 7

bigger => less permeable

Question 8

Capillary pores are usually _____ wide, but they are larger in the ____ and smaller in the ____.

Answer 8

6-7nm; liver; brain

Question 9

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

Answer 9

albumin

Question 10

What is colloid osmotic pressure? Which plasma protein is responsible for this?

Answer 10

osmotic pressure caused by presence of protein.

albumin.

Question 11

How do albumin and globulin differ as carrier proteins?

Answer 11

albumin is non-specific

globulins are specific

Question 12

Outward pressure causes fluid movement (IN/OUT) of the capillary, and is a sum of (Capillary/Interstitial fluid) pressure + (Plasma/Interstitial fluid) colloid osmotic pressure.

Answer 12

OUT

Capillary pressure + Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Question 13

There is a net (Outward/Inward) force in the capillaries.

Answer 13

Outward

Question 14

How is water distributed in interstitial compartments?

Answer 14

99% among proteglycans => gel

1% as free-flowing fluid

Question 15

Which system do fluids and macromolecules in the interstitial space have to pass through before emptying into the veins?

Answer 15

lymphatic system

Question 16

What dictates the extent of lymph flow? How is backflow from lymph prevented?

Answer 16

interstitial fluid pressure

lymphatic vessels contain valves

Question 17

The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) eosinophils
B) monocytes
C) basophils
D) neutrophils

Answer 17

B) monocytes

Question 18

_______ differentiate to form ________, which in turn give rise to various blood cells such as erythrocytes, platelets, and monocytes.

Answer 18

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)

Myeloid stem cells

Question 19

How are myeloid stem cells and blood cell progenitors different?

Answer 19

Myeloid stem cells are uncommitted, while progenitor cells are committed to a particular cell type

Question 20

Interleukins are (specialized/general) to (megakaryocytes/erythrocytes/ N/A) thrombopoietin is (specialized/general) to (megakaryocytes/erythrocytes/ N/A).

Answer 20

general, N/A

specialized, megakaryocytes

Question 21

Plasma cells are derived from (myeloid/lymphoid) stem cells, and neutrophils are derived from (myeloid/lymphoid) stem cells.

Answer 21

lymphoid

myeloid