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MCAT - Biology > 01 The Cell > Flashcards

01 The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

cells that contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

cells without a nucleus

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

controls all genetic material necessary for replication.

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4
Q

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

A

double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate/distinct from cytoplasm. Nuclear pores in membrane allow for selective 2way material exchange (e.g. mRNA out)

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5
Q

Genes

A

coding regions in DNA.

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6
Q

Histones

A

organizing proteins that DNA is wound around.

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA wrapped up in histones gets wound up further into linear strands.

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

area in nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized. Identified as darker spot in nucleus.

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

“power house of cell”, important for metabolism. TCA in matrix, ETC in inner mito membrane. Replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission. Good example of cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance.

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10
Q

Cytoplasmic/Extranuclear Inheritance

A

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus.

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11
Q

Apoptosis

A

programed cell death.

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound, contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates.

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13
Q

Autolysis

A

destruction of cell via its own enzymes, usually released by lysosomes.

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14
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

continuous with nuclear envelope. ER lumen kinda like mito matrix.

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15
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes, allows translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into lumen.

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes, utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs/poisons. Transports proteins from Rough ER to Golgi.

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

“post office of cell” - materials from ER transferred to Golgi in vesicles, get sorted, modified (e.g. glycosylated) and shipped to correct destination.

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18
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide H2O2, primary function is B-oxidation (breakdown of long-chain fatty acids).

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides structure to cell and helps maintain shape. 3 components: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.

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20
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid polymerized rods of actin filaments organized into bundles and networks, resistant to both compression and fracture, providing protection for the cell. Uses ATP to generate force for movement via interactions with myosin. Plays a role in cytokinesis, forms cleavage furrow.

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21
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow polymers of tubulin. Radiate throughout cell, provide primary pathways along which motor proteins (e.g. kinesin, dynein) carry vesicles. Makes up cilia and flagella.

22
Q

Cilia

A

projections from a cell primarily involved in movement of materials along the surface of the cell (e.g. small intestine)

23
Q

Flagella

A

structures involved in movement of the cell itself.

24
Q

9+2 Structure

A

seen in eukaryotic motility organelles (e.g. cilia, flagella). 2 central microtubules with a ring of doublet microtubules around it.

25
Q

Centrioles

A

found in centrosome, organizing centers for microtubules; structured as nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center. During mitosis, they migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

26
Q

Kinetochores

A

complex of protein where microtubules emanating from centrioles attach to chromosomes. Kinetochores exert force on sister chromatids, pulling them apart.

27
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

diverse group of filamentous proteins, many involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of overall cytoskeleton integrity or anchoring other organelles. Can withstand tremendous amount of tension, making cell structure more rigid.

28
Q

4 Tissue Types

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle
  4. nervous tissue
29
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers the body + lines its cavities, provides protection against pathogen invasion or desiccation.

30
Q

Basement Membrane

A

underlying layer of connective tissue to which epithelial cells are tightly joined to (and each other). Often polarized, one side involved in nutrient absorption and other side involved in secretion of nutrients into circulation for rest of body.

31
Q

Parenchyma

A

functional parts of the organ, usually composed of epithelial cells

32
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

epithelial tissue with 1 layer of cells.

33
Q

Stratified Epithelia

A

epithelial tissue with multiple layers.

34
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A

epithelial tissue that seems to have multiple layers due to difference in cell height, but in reality is 1 layer.

35
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A

cube-shaped epithelial cells

36
Q

Columnar Cells

A

long + thin epithelial cells

37
Q

Squamous Cells

A

flat and scalelike epithelial cells.

38
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions.

39
Q

Stroma

A

support structure (e.g. bone, cartilage, tendon, adipose tissue, blood) —> typically composed of connective tissues.

40
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

area of prokaryotic cell where single circular molecule of DNA is concentrated.

41
Q

Mutualistic Symbiotes

A

both humans and bacteria benefit from the relationship (e.g. bacteria in human gut)

42
Q

Cocci

A

spherical bacteria

43
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

44
Q

Spirilli

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

45
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

require oxygen for metabolism.

46
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

cannot survive in O2-containing environment —> will lead to production of reactive oxygen species, cell death.

47
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

use O2 if present, can do anaerobic metabolism if no O2.

48
Q

Aerotolerant Aerobes

A

cannot use O2 for metabolism, but not harmed by its presence in environment.

49
Q

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative

A

crystal violet stain + safranin counterstain. Gram + absorbs crystal violet stain, appears purple. Gram - absorbs safranin counterstain, appears pink/red.

50
Q

Gram Positive Cell Walls

A

consist of thick layer of peptidoglycan (polymeric substance made from a.a. and sugars). Also contains lipoteichoic acid, which could trigger immune system.

51
Q

Gram Negative Cell Walls

A

very thin, contain peptidoglycan in much smaller amounts. Also have outer membrane containing phospholipids + lipopolysaccharides, which can trigger much stronger immune response.

MCAT - Biology (12 decks)

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