01 Structure and Properties of Informational Biomolecules

Question 1

different components of the nucleic acid:

Answer 1

Nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
pentose sugar
phosphate

Question 2

______ are organic polymers, composed of monomer units known as nucleotides

Answer 2

Nucleic acids

Question 3

________are building blocks of all nucleic acid molecules. They also serve as ______, key links in cellular systems that respond to hormones and other extracellular stimuli

Answer 3

Nucleotides

chemical signals

Question 4

The main functions of nucleotides are:

Answer 4

information storage (DNA), 
protein synthesis (RNA), and energy transfers (ATP and NAD).

Question 5

The structural units of nucleic acids consist of three essential components of nucleic acids:

Answer 5

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.

Question 6

_________ are the derivatives of two-parent compounds which are PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

Answer 6

Nitrogenous bases

Question 7

Nitrogenous bases are the derivatives of two-parent compounds which are ________

Answer 7

PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

Question 8

Four different types of nitrogenous bases are found in DNA: ________
In RNA, the thymine is replaced by ________

Answer 8

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

uracil (U).

Question 9

There are 2 types of pentose sugar which are _____ (present in RNA) and ______ (present in DNA).In RNA, the carbon at the C-2 position is attached to a hydroxyl (OH) group. In DNA, the carbon at the C-2 does not contain this hydroxyl group; rather it is replaced by a hydrogen (H) atom.

Answer 9

ribose

2-deoxyribose

Question 10

phosphate is one of the fundamental components of nucleic acid. The nitrogenous base and the pentose sugar are linked by _____between C-10-position of sugar and nitrogenous base. If the base is a ____, the N-9 atom is covalently bonded to the sugar. If the base is a _____, the N-1 atom bonds to the sugar. When a phosphate group attaches to a nucleoside through a ______, the entire complex becomes a nucleotide.

Answer 10

glycosidic bond
purine
pyrimidine
phosphoester bond

Question 11

are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins.

Answer 11

Amino acids

Question 12

serve as structural support inside the cell and they perform many vital chemical reactions.

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 13

Each protein is a molecule made up of different combinations of ____ types of smaller, simpler amino acids.

Answer 13

20

Question 14

Chemically, an amino acid is a molecule that has a ______and an _____ that are each attached to a carbon atom called the ______.

Answer 14

carboxylic acid group
amine group
α carbon

Question 15

Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific side chain, known as an ______, that is also attached to the α carbon.

Answer 15

R group

Question 16

The R groups have a variety of shapes, sizes, charges, and reactivities. This allows amino acids to be grouped according to the chemical properties of their side chains. For example, some amino acids have polar side chains that are soluble in water; examples include _____

Answer 16

serine, threonine, and asparagine.

Question 17

Other amino acids avoid water and are called hydrophobic, such as ______

Answer 17

isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine.

Question 18

The amino acid cysteine has a chemically reactive side chain that can form bonds with another _______

Answer 18

cysteine.

Question 19

Amino acids can also be basic, like ______, or acidic, like ______

Answer 19

lysine

glutamic acid

Question 20

The sequence and interactions between the side chains of these different amino acids allow each protein to fold into a specific three-dimensional shape and perform biological functions.

Question 21

The rules proposed by an Austro-Hungarian biochemist, ______ implicating that the double helical structure of DNA and that the genetic material would more likely be DNA rather than protein

Answer 21

Erwin Chargaff,

Question 22

Chargaff’s rules (which is comprised of two rules). In the first rule, Chargaff stated that DNA from any cell or organism would have a 1:1 ratio of _______ and ____- bases

Answer 22

pyrimidine

purine

Question 23

This means that the number of guanine units would equal the number of cytosine units. The same thing goes between thymine and adenine units. This implicates the base pairing in DNA. This finding of Chargaff helps the conceptualization of the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick. This also refuted the then-accepted notion that DNA would be comprised of a number of repeats of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine.

Answer 23

Chargaff’s 1st rules

Question 24

The second rule proposed by Chargaff is that the amount of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine would vary between species. This finding implicated that ____ instead of protein is the genetic material

Answer 24

DNA

Question 25

-- Stores genetic information

Answer 25

DNA

Question 26

Act as a messenger, it carries instruction from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins

Answer 26

RNA

Question 27

3 parts of nucleotides:

Answer 27

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous Base.

Question 28

- Gives the DNA and RNA natural negative charge.

Answer 28

Phosphate Bond

Question 29

Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA

Answer 29

Pentose Sugar

Question 30

NItrogenous bases is divided into 2 categories:

Answer 30

Purine and Pyrimidine.

Question 31

Double ring structure

Answer 31

Purine | Adenine, Guanine

Question 32

- Single ring structure.

Answer 32

Pyrimidines | (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine)

Question 33

DNA- | RNA- (Adenine. Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine)

Answer 33

(Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine) | Adenine. Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 34

3 different types of RNA|;

Answer 34

mRNA (messenger RNA) rRNA (ribososmal RNA) tRNA (transfer RNA)-

Question 35

carries genetic information obtained from DNA to sites that translate the information into a protein.

Answer 35

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 36

is a structural component of ribosomes, which serve as the sites for protein synthesis

Answer 36

rRNA (ribososmal RNA)

Question 37

Transfer amino acids helps decode a mRNA into protein

Answer 37

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 38

An important feature of double helix DNA and has the ability to separate the two strands.

Answer 38

Denaturation

Question 39

To base pair the two strands together without disrupting the covalent bonds that make up the sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 39

Renaturation

Question 40

The secondary structure of DNA consists of ________ wrapped around one another to form a double helix. The orientation of the helix is usually _____ with the two chains running ______to one another

Answer 40

two polynucleotide chains right handed antiparallel

Question 41

The nitrogenous base of the DNA forms ______ to maintain the double helix of DNA: Between Adenine and thymine, _____ are form Between guanine and cytosine, _______ are formed

Answer 41

hydrogen bonds 2 hydrogen bond 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 42

To form a strand of DNA the _____ are linked into chains, combining the 3 parts of nucleotide to form the DNA.

Answer 42

nucleotides

Question 43

___ is the backbone of the DNA responsible to hold them together as it goes along the length of a DNA molecule. They are antiparallel to each other because of the hydrogen bonding between the complementary nitrogenous base pairs.

Answer 43

Phosphodiester bond

Question 44

RNA is a single strand of nucleotides, and this single strand of nucleotides is usually twisted and folded into a well-defined 3-dimensional structure, it is known as ____

Answer 44

stem loop form

Question 45

Stem loop structures contain _______ that destabilizes the structure and causes the bulging out of structure

Answer 45

mismatched nucleotides

Question 46

The stem loop structure starts at the top with ____ and ____ at the bottom

Answer 46

5 prime | 3 prime

Question 47

A part of stem loop form that were the complementary sequence sections they interact and form these hydrogen bonds which stabilize the structure.

Answer 47

stem

Question 48

A part of stem loop form that contain the mismatched nucleotides they cannot interact with and they will destabilize this localized region of space in our RNA

Answer 48

loop

Question 49

Both DNA and RNA are made from ______, each containing a five-carbon sugar backbone, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DNA provides the code for the cell 's activities, while RNA converts that code into proteins to carry out cellular functions

Answer 49

nucleotides

Question 50

The stability of the DNA depends on a fine balance of interactions including hydrogen bonds between bases and surrounding water molecules, and base-stacking interactions between adjacent bases. DNA stability is determined primarily on ______, but base stacking also plays an important role.

Answer 50

hydrogen bonding

Question 51

This holds the two strands of DNA together. This also permits the DNA to separate for transcription and replication

Answer 51

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 52

The main stabilizing factor in the DNA double helix. This also significantly contributes into the dependence of the duplex stability on its sequence

Answer 52

base stacking

Question 53

____ is the process of breaking down the DNA molecule, generally for the purposes of comparison and sequencing. DNA can be denatured through TEMPERATURE, DNA CONCENTRATION, PH, SALT CONCENTRATION, and SOLVENT MIXTURES which affect the helix to coil transition.

Answer 53

DNA denaturation

Question 54

Also known as annealing. This occurs when the denatured DNAs are colled in a suitable temperature. It also depends on TEMPERATURE, PH, LENGTH and CONSTITUENT OF DNA STRUCTURE. The rate is _____ to the number of complementary sequences present.

Answer 54

DNA renaturation | directly proportional

Question 55

is a process used to identify specific DNA sequences. The chemical basis for nucleic acid hybridization rests in the reversible helix-coil transition of the nucleic acid molecule.

Answer 55

Nucleic acid hybridization

Question 56

The _______ level of proteins’ amino acid sequence drives the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately determines the protein’s unique three-dimensional shape. The______ of protein dictates the way that it folds into its tertiary structure, which is a stable conformation that is identical to the shape of other molecules of the same protein.

Answer 56

primary structural

Question 57

Secondary structural level: ____hydrogen bonds form between C=O groups and N-H groups in the polypeptide backbone that are four amino acids distant. These hydrogen bonds are the primary forces stabilizing the α-helix. In the helical wheel structure, Hydrophobic amino acids tend to interact with each other and not with ionizing amino acids.

Answer 57

a-helix

Question 58

Secondary structural level: It is a flattened form of helix in two dimensions. It can be organized to form elaborately organized structures, such as sheets, barrels, and other arrangements. Also describes the order of hydrogen-bonded

Answer 58

B-strands

Question 59

β-strands along the backbone.β-pleated sheet structures are made from extended β-strand polypeptide chains, with strands linked to their neighbors by hydrogen bonds. Due to this extended backbone conformation, β-sheets resist stretching.

Question 60

The _____ structure of a protein is the pattern of the secondary structural elements folding into a three dimensional conformation, as shown for the LDH domain. The three dimensional structure is flexible and dynamic, with rapidly fluctuating movement in the exact positions of amino acid side chains and domains. These fluctuating movements take place without unfolding of the protein. They allow ions and water to diffuse through the structure and provide alternative conformations for ligand binding.

Answer 60

tertiary

Question 61

_____ is one of the most important features of protein structure.

Answer 61

Flexibility

Question 62

The _____ structure of a protein refers to the association of individual polypeptide chain subunits in a geometrically and stoichiometrically specific manner. It is an important protein attribute that is closely related to its function.

Answer 62

quaternary

Question 63

Proteins with quaternary structure are called ______which are involved in various biological processes, such as metabolism, signal transduction, and chromosome replication.

Answer 63

oligomeric proteins

Question 64

An ______ is a protein that functions as a catalyst in living organisms, controlling the pace at which chemical processes take place while also undergoing changes.

Answer 64

enzyme

Question 65

_______ are enzymes with different amino acid sequences but the same chemical reaction catalyzed. Different kinetic characteristics or regulatory aspects are generally displayed by these enzymes. It allows metabolism to be fine-tuned to fit the specific needs of a certain tissue or developmental stage (for example, lactate dehydrogenase) (LDH)

Answer 65

Isoenzymes

Question 66

Isoenzymes are enzymes with _____ amino acid sequences but the _____ chemical reaction catalyzed.

Answer 66

different | same`

Question 67

______ are usually the result of gene duplication, but can also arise from polyploidisation or hybridization

Answer 67

Isozymes

Question 68

______ are a set of deadly neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans.

Answer 68

Prion illnesses

Question 69

The vast majority of human prion illnesses are _____, with no established pathogenic pathways. Kuru, as well as iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are acquired through an infectious process

Answer 69

sporadic

Question 70

Inherited human prion disease, which accounts for around __ of all human prion illness, is caused by a mutation in the prion gene in the germline.

Answer 70

10%

Question 71

refers to aberrant, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and capable of causing abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins known as prion proteins, which are abundant in the brain.

Answer 71

prions

Question 72

Among the proteins that bind to DNA are _______ that activate or repress gene expression by binding to DNA motifs and ____ that form part of the structure of DNA and bind to it less specifically. Also proteins that repair DNA such as uracil-DNA glycosylase interact closely with it

Answer 72

transcription factors | histones