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MolBio & Diagnostics > 01 Structure and Properties of Informational Biomolecules > Flashcards

01 Structure and Properties of Informational Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

different components of the nucleic acid:

A

Nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
pentose sugar
phosphate

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2
Q

______ are organic polymers, composed of monomer units known as nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

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3
Q

________are building blocks of all nucleic acid molecules. They also serve as ______, key links in cellular systems that respond to hormones and other extracellular stimuli

A

Nucleotides

chemical signals

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4
Q

The main functions of nucleotides are:

A 
information storage (DNA), 
protein synthesis (RNA), and energy transfers (ATP and NAD).
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5
Q

The structural units of nucleic acids consist of three essential components of nucleic acids:

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.

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6
Q

_________ are the derivatives of two-parent compounds which are PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

A

Nitrogenous bases

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7
Q

Nitrogenous bases are the derivatives of two-parent compounds which are ________

A

PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

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8
Q

Four different types of nitrogenous bases are found in DNA: ________
In RNA, the thymine is replaced by ________

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

uracil (U).

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9
Q

There are 2 types of pentose sugar which are _____ (present in RNA) and ______ (present in DNA).In RNA, the carbon at the C-2 position is attached to a hydroxyl (OH) group. In DNA, the carbon at the C-2 does not contain this hydroxyl group; rather it is replaced by a hydrogen (H) atom.

A

ribose

2-deoxyribose

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10
Q

phosphate is one of the fundamental components of nucleic acid. The nitrogenous base and the pentose sugar are linked by _____between C-10-position of sugar and nitrogenous base. If the base is a ____, the N-9 atom is covalently bonded to the sugar. If the base is a _____, the N-1 atom bonds to the sugar. When a phosphate group attaches to a nucleoside through a ______, the entire complex becomes a nucleotide.

A

glycosidic bond
purine
pyrimidine
phosphoester bond

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11
Q

are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins.

A

Amino acids

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12
Q

serve as structural support inside the cell and they perform many vital chemical reactions.

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Each protein is a molecule made up of different combinations of ____ types of smaller, simpler amino acids.

A

20

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14
Q

Chemically, an amino acid is a molecule that has a ______and an _____ that are each attached to a carbon atom called the ______.

A

carboxylic acid group
amine group
α carbon

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15
Q

Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific side chain, known as an ______, that is also attached to the α carbon.

A

R group

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16
Q

The R groups have a variety of shapes, sizes, charges, and reactivities. This allows amino acids to be grouped according to the chemical properties of their side chains. For example, some amino acids have polar side chains that are soluble in water; examples include _____

A

serine, threonine, and asparagine.

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17
Q

Other amino acids avoid water and are called hydrophobic, such as ______

A

isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine.

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18
Q

The amino acid cysteine has a chemically reactive side chain that can form bonds with another _______

A

cysteine.

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19
Q

Amino acids can also be basic, like ______, or acidic, like ______

A

lysine

glutamic acid

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20
Q

The sequence and interactions between the side chains of these different amino acids allow each protein to fold into a specific three-dimensional shape and perform biological functions.

A
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21
Q

The rules proposed by an Austro-Hungarian biochemist, ______ implicating that the double helical structure of DNA and that the genetic material would more likely be DNA rather than protein

A

Erwin Chargaff,

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22
Q

Chargaff’s rules (which is comprised of two rules). In the first rule, Chargaff stated that DNA from any cell or organism would have a 1:1 ratio of _______ and ____- bases

A

pyrimidine

purine

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23
Q

This means that the number of guanine units would equal the number of cytosine units. The same thing goes between thymine and adenine units. This implicates the base pairing in DNA. This finding of Chargaff helps the conceptualization of the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick. This also refuted the then-accepted notion that DNA would be comprised of a number of repeats of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine.

A

Chargaff’s 1st rules

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24
Q

The second rule proposed by Chargaff is that the amount of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine would vary between species. This finding implicated that ____ instead of protein is the genetic material

A

DNA

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25
Q

– Stores genetic information

A

DNA

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26
Q

Act as a messenger, it carries instruction from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins

A

RNA

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27
Q

3 parts of nucleotides:

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous Base.

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28
Q
  • Gives the DNA and RNA natural negative charge.
A

Phosphate Bond

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29
Q

Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA

A

Pentose Sugar

30
Q

NItrogenous bases is divided into 2 categories:

A

Purine and Pyrimidine.

31
Q

Double ring structure

A

Purine

Adenine, Guanine

32
Q
  • Single ring structure.
A

Pyrimidines

(Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine)

33
Q

DNA-

RNA- (Adenine. Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine)

A

(Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

Adenine. Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

34
Q

3 different types of RNA|;

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)
rRNA (ribososmal RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)-

35
Q

carries genetic information obtained from DNA to sites that translate the information into a protein.

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

36
Q

is a structural component of ribosomes, which serve as the sites for protein synthesis

A

rRNA (ribososmal RNA)

37
Q

Transfer amino acids helps decode a mRNA into protein

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

38
Q

An important feature of double helix DNA and has the ability to separate the two strands.

A

Denaturation

39
Q

To base pair the two strands together without disrupting the covalent bonds that make up the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Renaturation

40
Q

The secondary structure of DNA consists of ________ wrapped around one another to form a double helix. The orientation of the helix is usually _____ with the two chains running ______to one another

A

two polynucleotide chains
right handed
antiparallel

41
Q

The nitrogenous base of the DNA forms ______ to maintain the double helix of DNA:

Between Adenine and thymine, _____ are form
Between guanine and cytosine, _______ are formed

A

hydrogen bonds
2 hydrogen bond
3 hydrogen bonds

42
Q

To form a strand of DNA the _____ are linked into chains, combining the 3 parts of nucleotide to form the DNA.

A

nucleotides

43
Q

___ is the backbone of the DNA responsible to hold them together as it goes along the length of a DNA molecule. They are antiparallel to each other because of the hydrogen bonding between the complementary nitrogenous base pairs.

A

Phosphodiester bond

44
Q

RNA is a single strand of nucleotides, and this single strand of nucleotides is usually twisted and folded into a well-defined 3-dimensional structure, it is known as ____

A

stem loop form

45
Q

Stem loop structures contain _______ that destabilizes the structure and causes the bulging out of structure

A

mismatched nucleotides

46
Q

The stem loop structure starts at the top with ____ and ____ at the bottom

A

5 prime

3 prime

47
Q

A part of stem loop form that were the complementary sequence sections they interact and form these hydrogen bonds which stabilize the structure.

A

stem

48
Q

A part of stem loop form that contain the mismatched nucleotides they cannot interact with and they will destabilize this localized region of space in our RNA

A

loop

49
Q

Both DNA and RNA are made from ______, each containing a five-carbon sugar backbone, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DNA provides the code for the cell ‘s activities, while RNA converts that code into proteins to carry out cellular functions

A

nucleotides

50
Q

The stability of the DNA depends on a fine balance of interactions including hydrogen bonds between bases and surrounding water molecules, and base-stacking interactions between adjacent bases. DNA stability is determined primarily on ______, but base stacking also plays an important role.

A

hydrogen bonding

51
Q

This holds the two strands of DNA together. This also permits the DNA to separate for transcription and replication

A

Hydrogen Bonding

52
Q

The main stabilizing factor in the DNA double helix. This also significantly contributes into the dependence of the duplex stability on its sequence

A

base stacking

53
Q

____ is the process of breaking down the DNA molecule, generally for the purposes of comparison and sequencing. DNA can be denatured through TEMPERATURE, DNA CONCENTRATION, PH, SALT CONCENTRATION, and SOLVENT MIXTURES which affect the helix to coil transition.

A

DNA denaturation

54
Q

Also known as annealing. This occurs when the denatured DNAs are colled in a suitable temperature. It also depends on TEMPERATURE, PH, LENGTH and CONSTITUENT OF DNA STRUCTURE. The rate is _____ to the number of complementary sequences present.

A

DNA renaturation

directly proportional

55
Q

is a process used to identify specific DNA sequences. The chemical basis for nucleic acid hybridization rests in the reversible helix-coil transition of the nucleic acid molecule.

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

56
Q

The _______ level of proteins’ amino acid sequence drives the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately determines the protein’s unique three-dimensional shape. The______ of protein dictates the way that it folds into its tertiary structure, which is a stable conformation that is identical to the shape of other molecules of the same protein.

A

primary structural

57
Q

Secondary structural level:

____hydrogen bonds form between C=O groups and N-H groups in the polypeptide backbone that are four amino acids distant. These hydrogen bonds are the primary forces stabilizing the α-helix. In the helical wheel structure, Hydrophobic amino acids tend to interact with each other and not with ionizing amino acids.

A

a-helix

58
Q

Secondary structural level:

It is a flattened form of helix in two dimensions. It can be organized to form elaborately organized structures, such as sheets, barrels, and other arrangements. Also describes the order of hydrogen-bonded

A

B-strands

59
Q

β-strands along the backbone.β-pleated sheet structures are made from extended β-strand polypeptide chains, with strands linked to their neighbors by hydrogen bonds. Due to this extended backbone conformation, β-sheets resist stretching.

A
60
Q

The _____ structure of a protein is the pattern of the secondary structural elements folding into a three dimensional conformation, as shown for the LDH domain. The three dimensional structure is flexible and dynamic, with rapidly fluctuating movement in the exact positions of amino acid side chains and domains. These fluctuating movements take place without unfolding of the protein. They allow ions and water to diffuse through the structure and provide alternative conformations for ligand binding.

A

tertiary

61
Q

_____ is one of the most important features of protein structure.

A

Flexibility

62
Q

The _____ structure of a protein refers to the association of individual polypeptide chain subunits in a geometrically and stoichiometrically specific manner. It is an important protein attribute that is closely related to its function.

A

quaternary

63
Q

Proteins with quaternary structure are called ______which are involved in various biological processes, such as metabolism, signal transduction, and chromosome replication.

A

oligomeric proteins

64
Q

An ______ is a protein that functions as a catalyst in living organisms, controlling the pace at which chemical processes take place while also undergoing changes.

A

enzyme

65
Q

_______ are enzymes with different amino acid sequences but the same chemical reaction catalyzed. Different kinetic characteristics or regulatory aspects are generally displayed by these enzymes. It allows metabolism to be fine-tuned to fit the specific needs of a certain tissue or developmental stage (for example, lactate dehydrogenase) (LDH)

A

Isoenzymes

66
Q

Isoenzymes are enzymes with _____ amino acid sequences but the _____ chemical reaction catalyzed.

A

different

same`

67
Q

______ are usually the result of gene duplication, but can also arise from polyploidisation or hybridization

A

Isozymes

68
Q

______ are a set of deadly neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans.

A

Prion illnesses

69
Q

The vast majority of human prion illnesses are _____, with no established pathogenic pathways. Kuru, as well as iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are acquired through an infectious process

A

sporadic

70
Q

Inherited human prion disease, which accounts for around __ of all human prion illness, is caused by a mutation in the prion gene in the germline.

A

10%

71
Q

refers to aberrant, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and capable of causing abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins known as prion proteins, which are abundant in the brain.

A

prions

72
Q

Among the proteins that bind to DNA are _______ that activate or repress gene expression by binding to DNA motifs and ____ that form part of the structure of DNA and bind to it less specifically. Also proteins that repair DNA such as uracil-DNA glycosylase interact closely with it

A

transcription factors

histones

MolBio & Diagnostics (7 decks)

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