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Pharm 1 > 01. Pharmacology introduction > Flashcards

01. Pharmacology introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five components of medication knowledge?

A
  • Classification
  • Safe dose range
  • Correct method administration
  • Expected therapeutic effects
  • Adverse effects
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2
Q

What is the difference between a drug and a medication

A

a drug AFFECTS, a medication IMPROVES (specifically positive)

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3
Q

Drugs are classified based on (3):

A
  • Body system effected
  • Therapeutic use
  • Chemical characteristic
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4
Q

What is a prototype? Give an example.

A

The first drug of its type. The one that all other drugs in its category are compared to.
eg) all opiate analgesics are compared to morphine.

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5
Q

Define Pharmacotherapeutics.

A

The desired therapeutic or beneficial use of the drug (as opposed to its off-label use).

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6
Q

What four factors does drug absorption depend on?

A

1) Route of administration
2) Drug solubility and concentration
3) Acid-base composition
4) Site conditions

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7
Q

__________ occurs when the liver filters the drug before it makes it to the target organ. This occurs when administered _______.

A

First pass effect, orally.

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8
Q

List the four types of PARENTERAL administration.

A
  • IV
  • Intramuscular (IM)
  • Subcutaneous (Subq)
  • Intradermal
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9
Q

List two types of TOPICAL administration.

A
  • Patches

- Inhalant

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10
Q

Good distribution of a drug depends on (2)

A
  • Good blood supply

- Good blood pressure

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11
Q

Normal ______ levels are essential for protein binding.

A

ALBUMIN

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12
Q

____________ results in a higher risk of toxicity, because less of the drug will be bound.

A

PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

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13
Q

What does “50% protein bound” mean?

A

50% of the drug is bound to albumin, but 50% of the drug is free to move thru the blood brain barrier to act.

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14
Q

Enzyme (1) leads to tolerence, enzyme (2) is when two drugs will compete for the same enzyme.

A

1) Induction

2) Inhibition

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15
Q

Define serum half-life.

A

The time it takes for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%

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16
Q

What does serum half-life depend on? (2)

A

The rates of metabolism and excretion

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17
Q

(1) and/or (2) may lengthen half-life.

A

1) Hepatic failure

2) Renal failure

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18
Q

A short half-life means ________ administration

A

more frequent

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19
Q

Max therapeutic effect occurs with _______, which may take 4-5 doses to achieve.

A

Equilibrium

20
Q

When does cross-tolerance occur? Give an example.

A
  • When switching from one opioid to another

- Heroin to methadone

21
Q

Adverse drug effects can be

  • (1) or (2)
  • (3) or (4)
  • (5) or (6)
A
  • Common or rare
  • Local or systemic
  • Mild or severe
22
Q

Three things that happen during anaphylaxis

A
  • Bronchial constriction –> bronchiospasm –> acute respiratory distress, cyanosis.
  • Vasodilation –> Hypotension, tachycardia
  • Increased vascular permeability –> Edema, esp laryngeal edema.
23
Q

_________ is for serious drug effects - highest possible warning.

A

Black box warning

24
Q

What is a possible ADE of PCN?

A
  • Skin rash due to anaphylactic shock
25
Q

What is a possible ADE of Antibiotics?

A
  • Drug fever (low or high)
26
Q

What is a possible ADE of Benadryl?

A

Paradoxical or Idiosyncratic

27
Q

(1) can result in physiological drug dependence, (2) can result in psychological dependence.

A

1) Oxycontin, 2) Valium.

28
Q

Teratogenicity

  • ADE
  • Drug example
A
  • Abnormal fetal development

- Accutane

29
Q

_________ are carcinogenic.

A

Estrogens.

30
Q

Four effects drugs and food can have on each other

A
  • Increased therapeutic effect
  • decreased therapeutic effect
  • New effect
  • Higher risk of ADEs
31
Q

Teratogenicity classifications (5)

A

A: Studies done on pregnant woman. No risk.
B: Animal studies. No risk.
C: Animal studies. Potential risk. Take only if benefits outweigh risks.
D: Evidence of human fetal risk.
X: Risk outweighs ANY potential benefit.

32
Q

What nine factors should a practitioner pay attention to when assessing a patient’s drugs?

A

1) Allergies
2) Recreational drugs
3) OTC drugs
4) Age
5) Body size
6) Sex (esp bc of teratogenicity
7) Ethnicity
8) Genetics
9) Dose

33
Q

Study of genetics / drugs

A

Pharmacogenomics

34
Q

OTC advantages (7)

A
  • Low cost
  • Readily accessible
  • Immediate treatment
  • Directions on label
  • Warnings on label
  • No provider cost
  • Often very effective
35
Q

OTC disadvantages (6)

A
  • Patient may postpone actual treatment
  • Vulnerable to criminal tampering
  • Serious drug interactions
  • Labels in tiny print
  • Risk of under/over dosing
  • Few people read warnings.
36
Q

What type of drug should you give a patient for pain? Example.

A

PALLIATIVE. Morphine.

36
Q

What type of drug should you give a patient for anthrax? Example

A

CURATIVE. Cipro.

36
Q

What type of drug should you give a patient for Hypertension? Example

A

SUPPORTIVE.

37
Q

When would you use a SUBSTITUTE?

A

Insulin for diabetes

38
Q

When would you use CHEMOTHERAPY?

A

Cancer

39
Q

When would you use a restorative drug?

A

Iron for anemia

40
Q

What is a Schedule I drug? Examples (2)

A

No accepted medical use in the US.

LSD, Heroine.

41
Q

What is a Schedule II drug?

A

Used medically, but with a high abuse potential. Narcotic analgesics.

42
Q

What is a schedule III drug?

A
  • Can lead to abuse or physical dependence.

- Sedatives, anabolic steroids.

43
Q

What is a schedule IV drug?

A
  • Some potential for dependence.

- Sedative-Hypnotics.

44
Q

What is a schedule V drug?

A

Partially controlled. Available OTC - rationed.

Pharm 1 (6 decks)

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