01. Pharmacology introduction Flashcards
What are the five components of medication knowledge?
- Classification
- Safe dose range
- Correct method administration
- Expected therapeutic effects
- Adverse effects
What is the difference between a drug and a medication
a drug AFFECTS, a medication IMPROVES (specifically positive)
Drugs are classified based on (3):
- Body system effected
- Therapeutic use
- Chemical characteristic
What is a prototype? Give an example.
The first drug of its type. The one that all other drugs in its category are compared to.
eg) all opiate analgesics are compared to morphine.
Define Pharmacotherapeutics.
The desired therapeutic or beneficial use of the drug (as opposed to its off-label use).
What four factors does drug absorption depend on?
1) Route of administration
2) Drug solubility and concentration
3) Acid-base composition
4) Site conditions
__________ occurs when the liver filters the drug before it makes it to the target organ. This occurs when administered _______.
First pass effect, orally.
List the four types of PARENTERAL administration.
- IV
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Subcutaneous (Subq)
- Intradermal
List two types of TOPICAL administration.
- Patches
- Inhalant
Good distribution of a drug depends on (2)
- Good blood supply
- Good blood pressure
Normal ______ levels are essential for protein binding.
ALBUMIN
____________ results in a higher risk of toxicity, because less of the drug will be bound.
PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
What does “50% protein bound” mean?
50% of the drug is bound to albumin, but 50% of the drug is free to move thru the blood brain barrier to act.
Enzyme (1) leads to tolerence, enzyme (2) is when two drugs will compete for the same enzyme.
1) Induction
2) Inhibition
Define serum half-life.
The time it takes for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%
What does serum half-life depend on? (2)
The rates of metabolism and excretion
(1) and/or (2) may lengthen half-life.
1) Hepatic failure
2) Renal failure
A short half-life means ________ administration
more frequent
Max therapeutic effect occurs with _______, which may take 4-5 doses to achieve.
Equilibrium
When does cross-tolerance occur? Give an example.
- When switching from one opioid to another
- Heroin to methadone
Adverse drug effects can be
- (1) or (2)
- (3) or (4)
- (5) or (6)
- Common or rare
- Local or systemic
- Mild or severe
Three things that happen during anaphylaxis
- Bronchial constriction –> bronchiospasm –> acute respiratory distress, cyanosis.
- Vasodilation –> Hypotension, tachycardia
- Increased vascular permeability –> Edema, esp laryngeal edema.
_________ is for serious drug effects - highest possible warning.
Black box warning
What is a possible ADE of PCN?
- Skin rash due to anaphylactic shock
What is a possible ADE of Antibiotics?
- Drug fever (low or high)
What is a possible ADE of Benadryl?
Paradoxical or Idiosyncratic
(1) can result in physiological drug dependence, (2) can result in psychological dependence.
1) Oxycontin, 2) Valium.
Teratogenicity
- ADE
- Drug example
- Abnormal fetal development
- Accutane
_________ are carcinogenic.
Estrogens.
Four effects drugs and food can have on each other
- Increased therapeutic effect
- decreased therapeutic effect
- New effect
- Higher risk of ADEs
Teratogenicity classifications (5)
A: Studies done on pregnant woman. No risk.
B: Animal studies. No risk.
C: Animal studies. Potential risk. Take only if benefits outweigh risks.
D: Evidence of human fetal risk.
X: Risk outweighs ANY potential benefit.
What nine factors should a practitioner pay attention to when assessing a patient’s drugs?
1) Allergies
2) Recreational drugs
3) OTC drugs
4) Age
5) Body size
6) Sex (esp bc of teratogenicity
7) Ethnicity
8) Genetics
9) Dose
Study of genetics / drugs
Pharmacogenomics
OTC advantages (7)
- Low cost
- Readily accessible
- Immediate treatment
- Directions on label
- Warnings on label
- No provider cost
- Often very effective
OTC disadvantages (6)
- Patient may postpone actual treatment
- Vulnerable to criminal tampering
- Serious drug interactions
- Labels in tiny print
- Risk of under/over dosing
- Few people read warnings.
What type of drug should you give a patient for pain? Example.
PALLIATIVE. Morphine.
What type of drug should you give a patient for anthrax? Example
CURATIVE. Cipro.
What type of drug should you give a patient for Hypertension? Example
SUPPORTIVE.
When would you use a SUBSTITUTE?
Insulin for diabetes
When would you use CHEMOTHERAPY?
Cancer
When would you use a restorative drug?
Iron for anemia
What is a Schedule I drug? Examples (2)
No accepted medical use in the US.
LSD, Heroine.
What is a Schedule II drug?
Used medically, but with a high abuse potential. Narcotic analgesics.
What is a schedule III drug?
- Can lead to abuse or physical dependence.
- Sedatives, anabolic steroids.
What is a schedule IV drug?
- Some potential for dependence.
- Sedative-Hypnotics.
What is a schedule V drug?
Partially controlled. Available OTC - rationed.
