[01] Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards by LOUISE NICOLE JUANICH

Thick peptidoglycan made up of murein

Gram Positive Cell Wall

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Cell walls of prokaryotes are made up of what substance

Peptidoglycan

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Which type of cell layer protects the bacterium from harm and is targeted by antibiotics

Gram Positive Cell Wall

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Component of the Gram (+) cell wall anchored to the murein

Teichoic acid

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Component of Gram (+) cell wall anchored to plasma membrane

Lipoteichoic acid

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TA and LPS are responsible for –

BASH
1. Resistance to beta lactamase in MRSA
2. Adherence to host tissues
3. Septic Shock
4. Heat Resistance

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Thin peptidoglycan layer that does not stain easily

Gram Negative Cell Wall

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Outer membrane of the Gram (-) contains Lipopolysaccharide which consists of

O antigen
Core Polysaccharide
Lipid A

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The Outer membrane of the Gram (-) contains Lipopolysaccharide which consists of O Antigen, Core Polysaccharide, and Lipid A which are responsible for what

Endotoxin which develops typhoid fever and toxic shock

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Part of the cell wall that exists in the outer membrane which act like pores for particular molecules

Porins

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Space between the peptidoglycan and the inner cell membrane that contains enzymes
– more prominent in which cell wal

Periplasmic Space
– Gram Negative

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Enumerate the layers of the membrane of a prokaryotic bacteria

COPPI
Capsular Polysaccharide => Outer Membrane => Peptidoglycan Layer => Periplasmic Space => Inner Membrane

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Gram Positive Cell Wall is composed of glycan chains of alternating –

N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG)
N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)

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Roles of Mycolic Acid

ESG
1. Evade recognition of immune cells
2. Survive Macrophage Digestion
3. Granuloma Formation

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Examples of bacteria will Mycolic Acid

TB bacilli in Tuberculosis

Mycobacter

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Gram (+) cell wall plus waxy layer of mycolic acid

Acid Fast Cell Wall

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60% of the Acid Fast Cell wall is –

Lipid

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Acid Fast Cell Wall is stained with

Carbolfuchsin

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Bacteria characterized by the absence of cell wall making it pleomorphic
* contains __ in cell membrane

Mycoplasma
* sterols

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Surface polymer that contribute to virulence factors - evade phagocytosis

Capsule

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Surface polymer that inhibits phagocytosis and promotes adherence to host tissue & synthetic implants

Slime Layer

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Media made out of extracts of meat or soybean

Nutrient Media

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Examples of Nutrient Media

Nutrient Broth Agar
Trypticase Soy Broth Agar

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Growth media with added factors such as blood, vitamins, or yeast extract

Enriched Media

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Examples of Enriched Media

Blood Agar Chocolate Agar

Media containing additives that inhibit growth of other bacteria and isolate specific bacteria

Selective Media

Media that **isolates Gram-positive** bacteria and inhibits gram negative

Colistin-Nalidixic Agar

Media that **isolates gram negative** bacteria and inhibits gram positive

MacConkey Agar

Media that allows visualization of **metabolic differences** between groups of bacteria

Differential Media

Media that differentiates lactose from non lactose fermenters

McConkey Agar

Media that differentiates hemolytic from non hemolytic organisms

Blood Agar

Media that preserves the viability, but not for multiplication

Transport Media

Example of Transport Media

Amies Broth

Agar that is both differential and selective

McConkey Agar

Require O2 for growth and survival

Obligate Aerobes

Can survive w O2 present but does not require it for metabolism

Facultative Aerobes

Cannot grow in the presence of O2

Obligate Anaerobes

Can grow with O2 but can better survive without it

Facultative Anaerobes

Grow best when enriched with extra 5 - 10% CO2

Capnophilic Organisms

Ideal pH for bacterial growth

7.0 - 7.5 pH

Microorganisms that thrive in 10 - 20 deg c

Psychrophiles

Microorganisms that thrive in 20 - 40 deg c

Mesophiles

Microorganisms that thrive in 50 - 60 deg c

Thermophiles

Time needed to divide into 2 cells

Generation Time

Fast Grower Bacteria example

Escherichia coli

Slow Grower Bacteria Example

Mycobacter tuberculosis

Phases of Bacterial Growth Curve

Lag Phase => Log/Exponential Phase => Stationary Phase => Death Phase

Bacteria causing Whooping Cough * Shape * Capsule

Bordetella pertussis * oval, cylindrical * present

Bacteria responsible for diphtheria * unique characteristic

Corynebacterium diphtheriae * has a nub/club shaped @ its ends

Bacteria responsible for gastritis and gastric ulcer * characterized by what

Helicobacter pylori * many flagella at one end

Bacteria that causes botulism * found in __ * has a __ on its terminal end

Clostridium botulinum * canned goods, cosmetics * has a spore @ terminal end

Bacteria that produces tetanus * shape

Clostridium tetani * tenis racket

Bacteria that causes gonorrhea * Comes in __ * cell wall type

Neisseria gonorrhea * pairs * gram negative

Bacteria responsible for syphilis * shape

Treponema pallidum * spirochete (spiral)

Bacteria that causes a lot of skin diseases such as Folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncle * occurs in what orientation

Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteria that causes skin diseases such as impetigo and erysipelas and systemic diseases such as rheumatic heart fever * occurs in what orientation

Streptococcus pyogenes

Bacteria that has a very large capsule and occurs in pairs. Known to be aspirated from the nasopharynx and cause infections in the lungs and middle ear

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A motile bacteria that causes UTI and may colonize the GI Tract * It has a lot of __

Escherichia coli * has a lot of peritrichous flagella

Causes cholera

Vibrio cholera

Bacteria that has a large capsule that contributes to its virulence. It has not hemolysis

Klebsiella pneumoniae

**Branch of Biotechnology** Utilize the genetics of microbes, plants (corn and soybeans), and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Genetic Engineering

**Branch of Biotechnology** Make possible the ability to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter its DNA molecule

Recombinant DNA Technology

**Branch of Biotechnology** Employ microbes to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants like oil spill and e-waste

Bioremediation

Naming of microorganisms is established by

Carolus Linnaeus

Who discovered Escherichia coli

Theodor Escherich

Who classified the 3 domains based on rRNA analysis

Carl Woese: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

The science of classifying living things

Taxonomy

The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms

Nomenclature

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy

Classification

The process of discovering and recording traits of organisms so they can be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme

Identification

Which cell structure is present in prokaryotes but absent in eukaryotes

Endospores Cell Wall

Electron transport mech in prokaryotes occur in __

Cell Membrane

Electron transport mech in eukaryotes occur in __

Chloroplast Inner Membrane Mitochondria Inner Membrane

Which microorganisms are prokaryotic

Bacteria Archaea

Which microorganisms are Eukaryotic

Protozoa Algae Fungi Parasites

Which microorg are either multi or unicellular

Fungi Algae

Microorg that is multicellular

Parasites

Microorg that is unicellular

Bacteria Archaea Protozoa

Microorg that reproduces through binary fission

Bacteria Archaea

Microorg that lacks peptidoglycans

Archaea

Microorg with chitin

Fungi

Microorg with cellulose

Algae

Microorg with peptidoglycan

Bactria

Autotrophic microorg

Algae

extremophiles microorg

archaea

Microorgs with microscopic stages

Parasites

Microorg with capsid

Virus

Stain that colors crystal violet and safranin red * Structures

Gram Stain * gram (-) red * gram (+) purple

Stain that colors carbolfuchsin red and methylene blue

Acid Fast Stain * + red * - blue

Stain that colors bright orange * structures

Acridine Orange * bacteria in blood samples

Stain that stains ___ apple green

Calcofluor White — Chitin

Stain that stains __ Pink and __ Green

Malachite Green — Pink: Bacterial Cells — Green: Endospores

Stain that stains the __ blue

Methylene Blue: Presence of Metachromatic Granules in C. Diphtheriae

Stain that stains __ Blue

Lactophenol Cotton Blue : Chitin of Fungi

Stain that stains __ a negative stain

India Ink : Capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans

Microorg that reproduces either sexual or asexually

Protozoa Fungi Algae Parasites

Genetic Material of: — Bacteria — Fungi — Virus

Bacteria: Circular DNA Fungi: Linear DNA Virus: RNA or DNA

Heterotrophic Microorg

Protozoa Fungi Parasites

Food production of bacteria

Either heterotrophic or autotrophic

Microorganism sized 1mm to 100 um is detected by

Naked Eye

Microorg sized 1 mm to over 100 um (not nm) is detected by

Light Microscope

Microorg sized in nanometers is detected by

Electron microscope

The use of microorganisms to harvest metals and take care of waste products. Microorganisms can recycle microwastes to synthesize pure metals * give an example

Biocyanidation * cupriavidus metallidurans

3 basic requirement for bacterial growth

ATP Carbon Nitrogen

2 Examples of Selective Media

1. MacConkey Agar 2. Colistin Nalidixic Agar

2 Examples of DIfferential Media

MacConkey Agar Blood Agar

Part of bacterial growth curve where the bacteria is preparing to divide

Lag Phase

Part of bacterial growth curve with exponential growth

Log/Exponential Growth

Part of Bacterial Growth curve with constant bacterial count

Stationary Phase