01 - Intro to Pathophys

Question 1

Regarding pathophsyiology describe “normal”

Answer 1

There is no “model” human being so our concept of “normal” is a range of presentations and we are looking for signs/symptoms that are out of that range to identify disease

Question 2

How does genetics contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 2

Especially phenotypically, many varieties of “normal.” Genotypically, may be predisposed to conditions or diseases; family history.

Question 3

How does culture contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 3

What is normal to one culture may not be normal to another (eg diet, number of children, rituals). These can also be potential predisposing factors to disease.

Question 4

How does age contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 4

Different challenges face different age groups based on immune function, growth, bone/muscle wear and tear, ability to get around, etc.

Question 5

How does sex contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 5

Gender: Self identity, doesn’t have much to do with our risk for disease.

Sex: Organs born with more often determine what at risk for.

Question 6

How does stress contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 6

Different groups face different physical, mental, emotion, and psychosocial stresses. Prolonged increased stress can suppress the immune system.

Question 7

How does lifestyle contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 7

Usually choices. Kids don’t have as much power over lifestyle. Behaviors such as exercise, sleep, recreastion, substance use can vary in what’s normal and what puts an individual at risk for health concerns.

Question 8

How does environment contribute to variations in normal?

Answer 8

Housing, school, state, regional, national identification can change what’s considered normal. These can also potentially pose exposure concerns that can predispose an individual.

Question 9

Define epidemiology and describe its role in disease states

Answer 9

The study of causes, patterns, and effects of disease and health conditions in a given population. Allows for research of different conditions with the goal of developing preventative methods and identifying risk factors for the condition.

Question 10

Define pathophysiology

Answer 10

How disease processes work to cause dysfunction to the body

Question 11

Define pathogenesis

Answer 11

Mechanism that causes the disease

Question 12

Define etiology

Answer 12

Cause of a disease

Question 13

Describe congenital etiologic cause of disease

Answer 13

Something you are born with; present when born (eg Down syndrome, birthmark)

Question 14

Describe metabolic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 14

Our body processes. Partly impacted by the food we eat, genetics, ethnicity.

Question 15

Describe degenerative/drug induced etiologic cause of disease

Answer 15

Degenerative: Changes as we age. Drug induced: Could be caused by recreational drugs or drugs taken under the provision of a provider.

Question 16

Describe neoplastic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 16

Uncontrolled growth of an abnormal cell line. May be benign or malignant.

Question 17

Describe immunologic/autoimmune etiologic cause of disease

Answer 17

Hypersensitivity: Over reaction. Immune deficiency: Under reaction (eg AIDS). Autoimmune: Destruction of one’s tissues by antibodies produced by one’s immune system.

Question 18

Describe infectious/inflammatory etiologic cause of disease

Answer 18

Diseases that are usually secondary to a primary disease (eg infection, autoimmune disease).

Question 19

Describe nutritional etiologic cause of disease

Answer 19

Malnutrition - not enough resources for the body - can create disease. Eg, protein deficiency = reduced osmotic pressure, decreased healing and antibody production; vitamin deficiency = interference in tissue integrity, biochemical reactions of metabolism.

Question 20

Describe traumatic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 20

Physical force that mechanically disrupts the structure of the body which can disrupt function (eg injury).

Question 21

Describe genetic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 21

Disease is due to transmission of defective genes or chromosomes from one or both parents.

Question 22

Describe psychosomatic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 22

Psychological factors are associated with and precede the condition. Physicial symptoms are not intentionally produced or feigned, but are the result of phsychological factors.

Question 23

Describe iatrogenic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 23

Illness caused by medical examination or treatment. Provider or treatment induced.

Question 24

Describe idiopathic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 24

Disease or condition with unknown cause or that arises spontaneously.

Question 25

Describe vascular etiologic cause of disease

Answer 25

Includes any condition that has to do with your circulatory system.

Question 26

Describe organic etiologic cause of disease

Answer 26

A disease resulting from recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or tissue of the body. It’s a manifestation of the body, not caused by something external.

Question 27

Describe how social factors can influence disease manifestation

Answer 27

Eg, eating disorders. People alter their lifestyles to fit in with social norms.

Question 28

Describe how legal factors can influence disease manifestation

Answer 28

Eg, illegal immigrants. Migrant workers continuing to be ill because they are afraid of deportation.

Question 29

Describe how environmental factors can influence disease manifestation

Answer 29

Eg, food desert. Unable to easily obtain nutritious resources for your family because of where you live.

Question 30

Describe how economic factors can influence disease manifestation

Answer 30

Eg, health insurance. If you cannot afford it, you simply won’t have it. This could affect your level of care.

Question 31

Describe how spiritual factors can influence disease manifestation

Answer 31

Eg, religious beliefs. If you think a disease is caused by a spirit, you may not seek treatment via medication.

Question 32

Define the following clinical manifestation of disease: signs

Answer 32

Objective findings; things a provider can see (swelling, cyanosis, heart rate).

Question 33

Define the following clinical manifestation of disease: symptoms/sypmtom complexes

Answer 33

Subjective findings. These are things the patient describes to the provider (eg nausea, abdominal pain, blurred vision). Symptoms complexes are symptoms that are grouped together and are characteristic of a certain disease or condition.

Question 34

Define the following clinical manifestation of disease: syndrome

Answer 34

A set of symptomsthat occur together and suggst a certain disease is present or the patient has an increased chance of developing the disease.

Question 35

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: asymptomatic

Answer 35

No symptoms present.

Question 36

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: latent

Answer 36

The disease is present, but lying dormant.

Question 37

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: incubation period

Answer 37

This is the time between the initial exposure to the disaese and when the first signs and symptoms appear.

Question 38

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: prodrome

Answer 38

An early symptom that may be indicative of the start of a disease.

Question 39

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: acute

Answer 39

Rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short course.

Question 40

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: subacute

Answer 40

Between acute and chronic in character. Less marked in severity or duration than the acute state.

Question 41

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: subclinical

Answer 41

Having a disease that has yet to manifest into any clinical symptoms (eg diabetes and hypothyroidism are often subclinical before they surface as clinical disease).

Question 42

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: chronic

Answer 42

Opposite of acute; having a long duration with little changes and slow progression of the disease.

Question 43

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: exacerbation

Answer 43

When symptoms of the disease increase in severity and become worse.

Question 44

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: remission

Answer 44

When the signs and symptoms of a disease disappear, remission can be temporary or permanent.

Question 45

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: recurrence

Answer 45

The return of signs and symptoms of a disease after remission.

Question 46

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: covalescence

Answer 46

The time of recovery after a disease or procedure.

Question 47

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: sequela(e)

Answer 47

A condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury (eg chronic kidney disease can be a sequela of diabetes).

Question 48

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: complication

Answer 48

An unanticipated problem that arises after a procedure, treatment, or illness.

Question 49

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: endogenous

Answer 49

Produced or originating within or inside an organism.

Question 50

Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: exogenous

Answer 50

Originating from outside the organism.