01 - Intro to Pathophys Flashcards
Regarding pathophsyiology describe “normal”
There is no “model” human being so our concept of “normal” is a range of presentations and we are looking for signs/symptoms that are out of that range to identify disease
How does genetics contribute to variations in normal?
Especially phenotypically, many varieties of “normal.” Genotypically, may be predisposed to conditions or diseases; family history.
How does culture contribute to variations in normal?
What is normal to one culture may not be normal to another (eg diet, number of children, rituals). These can also be potential predisposing factors to disease.
How does age contribute to variations in normal?
Different challenges face different age groups based on immune function, growth, bone/muscle wear and tear, ability to get around, etc.
How does sex contribute to variations in normal?
Gender: Self identity, doesn’t have much to do with our risk for disease.
Sex: Organs born with more often determine what at risk for.
How does stress contribute to variations in normal?
Different groups face different physical, mental, emotion, and psychosocial stresses. Prolonged increased stress can suppress the immune system.
How does lifestyle contribute to variations in normal?
Usually choices. Kids don’t have as much power over lifestyle. Behaviors such as exercise, sleep, recreastion, substance use can vary in what’s normal and what puts an individual at risk for health concerns.
How does environment contribute to variations in normal?
Housing, school, state, regional, national identification can change what’s considered normal. These can also potentially pose exposure concerns that can predispose an individual.
Define epidemiology and describe its role in disease states
The study of causes, patterns, and effects of disease and health conditions in a given population. Allows for research of different conditions with the goal of developing preventative methods and identifying risk factors for the condition.
Define pathophysiology
How disease processes work to cause dysfunction to the body
Define pathogenesis
Mechanism that causes the disease
Define etiology
Cause of a disease
Describe congenital etiologic cause of disease
Something you are born with; present when born (eg Down syndrome, birthmark)
Describe metabolic etiologic cause of disease
Our body processes. Partly impacted by the food we eat, genetics, ethnicity.
Describe degenerative/drug induced etiologic cause of disease
Degenerative: Changes as we age. Drug induced: Could be caused by recreational drugs or drugs taken under the provision of a provider.
Describe neoplastic etiologic cause of disease
Uncontrolled growth of an abnormal cell line. May be benign or malignant.
Describe immunologic/autoimmune etiologic cause of disease
Hypersensitivity: Over reaction. Immune deficiency: Under reaction (eg AIDS). Autoimmune: Destruction of one’s tissues by antibodies produced by one’s immune system.
Describe infectious/inflammatory etiologic cause of disease
Diseases that are usually secondary to a primary disease (eg infection, autoimmune disease).
Describe nutritional etiologic cause of disease
Malnutrition - not enough resources for the body - can create disease. Eg, protein deficiency = reduced osmotic pressure, decreased healing and antibody production; vitamin deficiency = interference in tissue integrity, biochemical reactions of metabolism.
Describe traumatic etiologic cause of disease
Physical force that mechanically disrupts the structure of the body which can disrupt function (eg injury).
Describe genetic etiologic cause of disease
Disease is due to transmission of defective genes or chromosomes from one or both parents.
Describe psychosomatic etiologic cause of disease
Psychological factors are associated with and precede the condition. Physicial symptoms are not intentionally produced or feigned, but are the result of phsychological factors.
Describe iatrogenic etiologic cause of disease
Illness caused by medical examination or treatment. Provider or treatment induced.
Describe idiopathic etiologic cause of disease
Disease or condition with unknown cause or that arises spontaneously.
Describe vascular etiologic cause of disease
Includes any condition that has to do with your circulatory system.
Describe organic etiologic cause of disease
A disease resulting from recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or tissue of the body. It’s a manifestation of the body, not caused by something external.
Describe how social factors can influence disease manifestation
Eg, eating disorders. People alter their lifestyles to fit in with social norms.
Describe how legal factors can influence disease manifestation
Eg, illegal immigrants. Migrant workers continuing to be ill because they are afraid of deportation.
Describe how environmental factors can influence disease manifestation
Eg, food desert. Unable to easily obtain nutritious resources for your family because of where you live.
Describe how economic factors can influence disease manifestation
Eg, health insurance. If you cannot afford it, you simply won’t have it. This could affect your level of care.
Describe how spiritual factors can influence disease manifestation
Eg, religious beliefs. If you think a disease is caused by a spirit, you may not seek treatment via medication.
Define the following clinical manifestation of disease: signs
Objective findings; things a provider can see (swelling, cyanosis, heart rate).
Define the following clinical manifestation of disease: symptoms/sypmtom complexes
Subjective findings. These are things the patient describes to the provider (eg nausea, abdominal pain, blurred vision). Symptoms complexes are symptoms that are grouped together and are characteristic of a certain disease or condition.
Define the following clinical manifestation of disease: syndrome
A set of symptomsthat occur together and suggst a certain disease is present or the patient has an increased chance of developing the disease.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: asymptomatic
No symptoms present.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: latent
The disease is present, but lying dormant.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: incubation period
This is the time between the initial exposure to the disaese and when the first signs and symptoms appear.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: prodrome
An early symptom that may be indicative of the start of a disease.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: acute
Rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short course.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: subacute
Between acute and chronic in character. Less marked in severity or duration than the acute state.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: subclinical
Having a disease that has yet to manifest into any clinical symptoms (eg diabetes and hypothyroidism are often subclinical before they surface as clinical disease).
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: chronic
Opposite of acute; having a long duration with little changes and slow progression of the disease.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: exacerbation
When symptoms of the disease increase in severity and become worse.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: remission
When the signs and symptoms of a disease disappear, remission can be temporary or permanent.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: recurrence
The return of signs and symptoms of a disease after remission.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: covalescence
The time of recovery after a disease or procedure.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: sequela(e)
A condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury (eg chronic kidney disease can be a sequela of diabetes).
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: complication
An unanticipated problem that arises after a procedure, treatment, or illness.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: endogenous
Produced or originating within or inside an organism.
Describe the following stage of disease manifestation: exogenous
Originating from outside the organism.
