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Hematology > 01: Hematopoiesis & Leukocyte Disorders > Flashcards

01: Hematopoiesis & Leukocyte Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

ID the components of blood.

A
  • Plasma: albumin, Ig, other proteins
  • Cellular component
    • ​Buffy coat: WBCs + platelets
    • RBCs
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2
Q

Trace out hematopoiesis.

A
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3
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most numerous leukocyte
  • Polymorphonuclear (PMN), segmented, polys
  • Primary defense against infection (“pawns”)
  • Phagocytes
  • Kill with toxic O2 species
  • Neutropenia: ANC < 1,500
    • ​
      ​Severe: ANC < 500
    • Very severe: ANC < 100

Due to infection, medication, blood cancer, autoimmune or inherited

  • ​Neutrophilia: ANC > 8,000
    • Due to (most to least common) acute infx, corticosteroids, autoimmune dz, leukemoid rxn, blood cancer
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4
Q

Bands

A
  • Immature neutrophil
  • Present in serious infections: bandemia
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5
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Second most numerous leukocyte
  • Pleiform immune functions:
    • Ab production (B cells)
    • Destroy virus-infected & cancer cells (T cells, NK cells)
    • Coordinate immune response
  • Lymphopenia: ALC < 1,200
    • Due to HIV/AIDS, mediations, viral infx (EBV/CMV), Hodgkins lymphoma
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6
Q

Monocytes

A
  • “Garbagemen:” phagocytes
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Differentiate into macrophages in target tissues
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7
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Minor component of blood
  • Granules filled with vasoactive compounds
  • Fight parasites (?)
  • Mediators of allergies
  • Eosinophilia (>0.45x109/L)
    • Neoplasia
    • Allergy
    • Addisons
    • Collagen-vascular disease
    • Parasites
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8
Q

Basophils

A
  • Rarest leukocyte
  • Granules contain heparin and histamine (cause allergic response)
  • Normal function unclear
  • Elevated in hematologic neoplasia
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9
Q

Platelets

A
  • Anucleate
  • Procoagulant granules
  • Key component of hemostasis
  • Production driven from megakaryocytes by thrombopoietin
  • Lifespan 7-10 days
  • Bind to damaged endothelium via von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
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10
Q

Platelet production regulation

A
  • Thrombopoietin (drives production) is bound by platelets and megakaryocytes
  • Negative feedback: Lots of platelets, lots of thrombopoietin soaked up –> less new platelets produced
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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Anucleate sacks of hemoglobin
  • Lifespan = 120 days
  • **Reticulocytes **(immature form) = 0.5-1.5% of RBC population (increase in anemia)
  • **Erythropoietin **drives production
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12
Q

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

A
  • Measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (RBC)
  • Normal = 80-100 fL
  • Low = microcytosis, 2/2 low iron
  • High = macrocytosis, 2/2 low B12
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13
Q

Erythrocyte membrane

A
  • Ion channels in membrane help regulate function
  • Proteins (spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, protein 4.2) allow for bending of cytoskeleton –> biconcave disk shape
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14
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis/elliptocytosis (poikilocytosis)

A
  • Deficiency of spectrin/ankyrin/band 3/protein 4.2
  • Reuslts in formation of spherocytes (no biconcave shape)
  • Cells trapped in spleen, undergo hemolysis (–> hemolytic anemia)
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15
Q

List the stages of WBC production.

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte (has “dawn of neutrophil”)
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band
  6. Neutrophil
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16
Q

List the stages of RBC prodution.

A
  1. Pronormoblast
  2. Basophilic pronormoblast
  3. Polychromatophilic pronormoblast
  4. Orthochromic pronormoblast
  5. Reticulocyte
17
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • Produced by kidney in response to its own O2 supply.
  • Stimulates erythropoiesis, ↑O2 delivery.
  • Hypoxia induces hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) –> stimulate erythropoietin production.
  • Von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein breaks down HIFs.
    • Hydroxylated by **PHD2 **(allows binding of VHL to HIFs).
  • Mutations in VHL, PDH2, HIF –> congenital polycythaemia (proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases).
18
Q

Morphology of hematopoiesis

A
  • Size inversely proportional to maturity
  • Chromatin condenses with maturity
  • Key cell features:
    • Nuclear:cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio
    • Nuclear shape and location in cytoplasm
    • Color, size of granules
    • Color, shape of cytoplasm
19
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A
  • WBC: 4-11 x109/L
    • Leukopenia: WBC < 3,000
  • Hematocrit (HCT): %vol. of RBCs in blood
    • Male = 40-52%
    • Female = 36-58%
  • Hemoglobin (Hgb):
    • Male = 13.5-17.5 g/dL
    • Female = 11.5-15.5 g/dL
  • MCV = 80-100 fL
  • Platelets (PLT) = 150-400 x109/L

Hematology (9 decks)

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