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equine-03-cardiovascular disease > 01 - cardiac exam > Flashcards

01 - cardiac exam Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q
A
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3
Q

(auscultation)

  1. normal resting heart rate = ?
  2. sinus bradycardia usually results from what?
A
  1. 26-50 bpm
  2. high vagal tone
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4
Q

(location of valves)

  1. mitral valve?
  2. aortic valve?
  3. pulmonic valve?
  4. tricuspid valve?
A
  1. left fifth intercostal space
  2. left fourth intercostal space
  3. left third intercostal space
  4. left third intercostal space
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5
Q

(heart sounds)

(first heart sound)

  1. located at left apex
  2. immediately followed by arterial pulse
  3. initial sound represents what?
A
  1. initial movement of the ventricle followed by AV valve closure, the opening of the semilunar valves, and final ejection of blood
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6
Q

(heart sounds)

(second heart sound)

  1. associated with what?
A
  1. closure of semilunar valves and rapid reversal of blood flow
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7
Q

(heart sounds)

(third heart sound)

  1. noted in half of normal horses
  2. associated with what?
A
  1. end of rapid filling phase and deceleration of the rapidly filling ventricle
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8
Q

(heart sounds)

(fourth heart sound)

  1. associated with what?
A
  1. atrial contraction
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9
Q

(grading of murmurs)

  1. grade 1 =
  2. ?
  3. ?
  4. ?
  5. ?
A
  1. softest audible murmur
  2. faint murmur clearly audible after a few seconds fo auscultation
  3. immediately audible and heard over wide area - may have thrill
  4. loudest murmur that is inaudible when stethoscope removed, thrill always present
  5. loudest audible murmur - remains audible after removal of stethoscope - thrill always present
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10
Q

(murmur categories)

  1. early, mid, or late systolic or diastolic
  2. pansystolic = ?
  3. holosystolic = ?
  4. holodiastolic = ?
  5. presystolic = ?
A
  1. from begin of S1 to end of S2
  2. from end of S1 to beginning of S2
  3. from end of S2 to beginning of S1
  4. between A sound and S1
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11
Q
  1. murmurs assoc with AV valve regurg have constant intensity throughout what?
A
  1. systole

(pressure gradient between ventricles and atria remain high throughout systole)

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12
Q
  1. murmurs assoc w/ aortic valve incompetence gradually declines during diastole - why?
  2. termed what kind of murmurs?
A
  1. pressure gradient btwn aorta and left ventricle falls away because of runoff into systemic circulation and ventricle
  2. decrescendo murmurs
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13
Q
  1. in great arteries, the velocity of blood flow rises and falls rapidly and is greatest in early-mid systole
  2. consequently, murmurs assoc with normal flow in these vessels increase and then decrease in intensity
  3. are loudest when?
  4. termed what?
A
  1. early-mid systole
  2. crescendo-decrescendo murmurs
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14
Q
  1. murmurs assoc with a PDA are described as waxing and waning because of changes in intensity caused by what?
A
  1. variation in pressure across the shunt
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15
Q

(murmurs in foals)

(normal)

  1. PDA: heard for how long after parturition?
  2. left heart base auscultable systolic murmurs are usually incidental
A
  1. 2-3 days
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16
Q

(murmurs in foals)

(pathologic)

  1. VSD - best heard where?
  2. cyanosis = pneumonia with funtional cardiac murmur, or congenital heart lesion
A
  1. pulmonic valve area, pulmonary area
17
Q

(murmurs in adult horses)

1-3. systolic murmurs can be due to what two things?

A
  1. mitral/tricuspid valve regurgitation
  2. mitral insufficiency
  3. tricuspid valve insuff
18
Q

(murmurs in adult horses)

(diastolic murmurs)

  1. can be cause by what three things?
A
  1. aortic valve insufficiency
  2. aortic regurgitaiton/aortic thickening
  3. CHF
19
Q

(cardiac pharmacology)

  1. digoxin used for what two things?
A
  1. CHF and supraventricular arrythmias
20
Q

(cardiac pharmacology)

(quinidine)

  1. used for what?
A
  1. restoration of normal sinus rhythm
21
Q

(cardiac pharmacology)

(procainamide)

  1. similar use as what drug?
A
  1. quinidine (antiarrhythmic)
22
Q

(lidocaine)

  1. produces antiarrythmic effects by doing what?
A
  1. decreasing cardiac impulse conduction
  2. decreasing cardiac excitatory and abnormal automaticity
23
Q

(cardiac pharmacology)

(propanolol)

  1. non-specific beta-blocker
  2. causes what?
A
  1. decrease in heart rate and cardiac contractility

equine-03-cardiovascular disease (2 decks)

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