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Biology Final > 01 > Flashcards

01 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanism

A

Mechanical explanation of life, organism is like a “living machine”

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2
Q

Neomechanism

A

Physical & chemical explanation of life

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3
Q

Vitalism & Neovitalism

A

Organism has body & soul

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4
Q

Holism

A

Hierarchy of living systems

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5
Q

Phylogenesis

A

Taxa

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6
Q

PhyloCode

A

New formal code of nomenclature, under development, deal with clades

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Practice & science of classification

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8
Q

Living Systems

A

Hierarchically organized open self-organizing system that have the special characteristics of life aiming to maintain its existence & to reproduce itself

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9
Q

General Characteristics of Living Systems

A 
Determined in space & time
Genetic & structural unity, hierarchical organization
(Reproduction)
Open thermodynamical systems: flow of matter, energy & information
Metabolism
Autoregulation: feedback system
Reactivity to external stimuli
Ontogeny 
Phylogeny (evolution)
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10
Q

Big Bang Theory

A

Theory of how the universe was created from a cosmic explosion that threw matter in all directions
10-20 billion years ago

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11
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Aristoteles

Life spontaneously evolved from nonliving things

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12
Q

Biogenesis

A

Present theory

Living things come only from other living things

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13
Q

Primordial Soup Model

A

Earth’s atmosphere was made of gases: ammonia, hydrogen, methane & water vapour

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14
Q

Stanley L. Miller

A

Demonstrated that substances present in living things could come from nonliving materials in the environment

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15
Q

Stanley L. Miller Experiment

A

Reduced mixture of ammonia, hydrogen, methane & water

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16
Q

Eobiont (protobiont)

A

Primitive living system

Aggregates of molecules surrounded from environment

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17
Q

Viruses

A

Non-living form of life
Contain nucleic acid + protein coat
Replicate themselves only by infecting a host cell
Lytic/lysogenic cycle

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18
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Infect specific bacteria

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19
Q

DNA Viruses

A

Enter host via endocytosis, release by lysis or budding

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20
Q

RNA Viruses

A

4 different mode of replication based on polarity of RNA & number of strands

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21
Q

Reverse transcribing viruses (retroviruses)

A

Replicate by reverse transcription (enzyme transcriptase)

ssRNA

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22
Q

Stage of Viral Replication

A 
Attachment 
Penetration
Synthesis of NA & proteins
Maturation
Release
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23
Q

Viroids

A 
Smaller than virus
Short, circular ssRNA without protein coat
Some are ribozymes 
"Escaped introns"
Plant pathogen
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24
Q

Virusoids

A

Circular ssRNA without protein

Classified as satellites (can infect plants in conjunction with an helper virus)

25
Q

Prions

A

Infectious agents composed ONLY of protein
Affect brain & other neural tissue
Cause inherited transmissible degenerative spongiform encephalopathy
PrPC & PrPSc

26
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A

All known living things are made up of cells
Cell is structural & functional unit of all living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells by division
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
All energy flow of life occurs within cells

27
Q

Modern Cell Theory EXCEPTIONS

A

Viruses are considered by some to be alive, yet they are not made up of cells
!st cell did not originate from a preexisting cell

28
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
Primarily evolved organisms
Unicellular, 1-10 um
Nucleoid consisting of circular bacterial chromosome (circular dsDNA without histones)
70s ribosomes 
Non-mitotic cell division
Autotrophs & heterotrophs
29
Q

Eubacteria

A

Murein cell wall

AA formylmethionin initiating translation

30
Q

Archea

A

Pseudomurein/protein/no cell wall
AA methionin initiating translation
Extremophiles

31
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A 
Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
Unicellular, multicellular organisms
>10um
Nucleus with chromosomes (linear dsDNA + histones)
80s ribosomes
Mitotic cell division
32
Q

Fungal Cells

A

Mitochondria
Chitin (cell wall)
Heterotrophs

33
Q

Plant Cells

A

Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Cellulose (cell wall)
Photoautotrophs

34
Q

Animal Cells

A

Mitochondria
NO cell wall
Heterotrophs

35
Q

Hierarchy (to cell)

A 
Molecule
Macromolecule
Supramolecular complex
Cell organelle
Cell
36
Q

Cell Organelle

A

Compartment limited by membrane

37
Q

Nucleus

A

Spheroidal organelle separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope with 2 membranes

38
Q

Nuclear Pores (Nucleus)

A

Channels through envelope composed of proteins (nucleoporins)
Allow free passage of small molecules & ions, large molecules are transported actively

39
Q

Nuclear Lamina (Nucleus)

A

Networks of intermediate filaments on internal face of envelope, mechanical support, anchoring sites for chromosomes

40
Q

Nuclear Matrix (Nucleus)

A

Protein-containing fibrilar network

41
Q

Nucleoplasm (Nucleus)

A

Viscous liquid, similar to cytoplasm

42
Q

Nucleolus

A

Densely-stained structure in nucleus, no membrane
Synthesis of rRNA & assemble ribosomes
Synthesis of tRNA

43
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Organelle found in eukaryotic cells
One membrane
Interconnected network of tubules, vesicles & cisternae

44
Q

rER

A

Covered with ribosomes
Membrane is continuous with outer layer of nuclear envelope, no continuous membrane with GA
Synthesis of protein & targeting it to their destinations

45
Q

sER

A

Connected to nuclear envelope
Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, drug detoxification
Storage of calcium ions

46
Q

Golgi Apparatues

A

Organelle found in eukaryotic cells
Dictyosom (in plants)
Onemembrane
Composed of membrane cisternae & number of spherical vesicles

47
Q

Exocytotic vesicles

A

Vesicle with proteins for extracellular release move towards the plasma membrane, fuse & release the contents = constitutive secretion

48
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

Vesicle with proteins for extracellular release are stored in the cell
After a signal, they move towards the membrane, fuse & release the contents = regulated secretion

49
Q

Lysosomal Vesicles

A

Vesicle with proteins for the lysosome fuses with the late endosome, then the contents are transferred to the lysosome

50
Q

Lysosome

A

Spherical organelles with a single layer membrane, bud from the membrane of GA, in all animal cells, numerous in WBCs
Digestion of waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins into simple compounds which are again used,etc.

51
Q

Vacuoles

A

One central or several vacuoles surrounded by tonoplast, in plant cells
Contain water, enzymes, ions, salts, toxins, pigments
Maintain turgor, enable cell to change its shape, maintain acidic internal pH, remove unwanted substances from cell, isolate harmful materials, push contents of cytoplasm against cellular membrane, chloroplasts are closer to light, role in autophagy

52
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Used by some protists & macrophages in phagocytosis

53
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Used to pump excess water out of the cell to reduce osmotic pressure & keep the cell from cytolysis

54
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Eukaryotes, single membrane
Originate from ER, self-replicate by enlarging & dividing
Contain oxidative enzymes for oxidative reactions
Decomposition of biohazardous chemicals & breakdown of fatty acid, production of bile acids

55
Q

Mitochondria

A

5 compartments (outer/inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, matrix)
Cellular power plants - generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in inner membrane
Contains several copies of circular dsDNA
70s ribosomes

56
Q

Chloroplast

A

In plant cells, algae, some protists
5 compartments (outer/inner membrane, intermembrane space, stroma, thylakoid space)
Conduct photosynthesis & generates ATP by photosynthetic phosphorylation on the thylakoid membrane
Contains several copies of circular dsDNA
70s ribosomes

57
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory that explains evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, explains the origins of organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts) in eukaryotic cells

58
Q

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria & Chloroplast:
Double membrane
Own circular DNA
Prokaryotic ribosomes (70s)

59
Q

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

A

Internal fluid of cell with pH 7
“Soup” of: water, dissolved ions, small molecules, large water-soluble molecules
Prokaryotes: All chemical reactions take place in cytosol
Eukaryotes: Cytosol surrounds the cell organelles

Biology Final (1 decks)

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