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Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

Memory is a mental capacity to encode, store and retrieve information. It represents our unique perceptions of events rather than being accurate or objective.

Question 2

What is Encoding?

Answer 2

the initial processing of information that leads to representation in memory. Its the act of getting info into our memory system through AUTOMATIC or EFFORTFUL processing. requires selection of stimulus event and making a classification of it.

Question 3

What is storage?

Answer 3

storage involves retention of encoded material over time.

Question 4

What is retrieval?

Answer 4

Retrieval is the payoff for your earlier efforts in encoding and storage.

Question 5

How do we form memories?

Answer 5

these three stages work together to transform sensory experience into a lasting record that has a pattern or meaning. It has to be processed by three stages: Sensory memory, Working memory and Long term memory.

Question 6

What is Sensory memory?

Answer 6

most fleeting, holds sights, smells, sounds, textures for a maximum of a few seconds. Sensory memory can hold far more information than it ever reaches the consciousness.

Question 7

Sensory memory into working memory

Answer 7

Visual stimulation ——> Iconic memory
Auditory Stimulation —–> Echoic memory
Tactile Stimulation (touch) —–> Tactile sensory memory
Olfactory Stimulation (smell)—–>Olfactory sensory memory
Gustatory Stimulation (taste)—->Gustatory sensory memory
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Working memory
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Long- term Memory

Question 8

What is working memory?

Answer 8

second stage of processing, takes info from sensory registers and makes connections with items already in long-term storage. holds information up to 20 to 30 seconds. originally called short-term memory (STM).

Question 9

Memory span

Answer 9

George Miller said that seven (plus or minus two) was the “magic number” that characterized people’s performance on random lists of letters, words…

Question 10

A model of Working memory

Answer 10

1) Stimulation => Sensory Memory
2) Central Executive (Working memory)
3) results in behavior.
4) devided into 1️⃣Episodic buffer(events) 2️⃣Sketchpad (visual image) 3️⃣Phonological loop( sounds) they are all LTM

Question 11

details of Sensory Memory

Answer 11

Function: briefly holds information awaiting entry into working memory.
Encoding: no meaningful encoding.
Storage capacity: 12-16 items.
Duration: from 1/4 to a few seconds.
Structure: a separate sensory register for each sense
Biological basis: Sensory pathways

Question 12

details of Working memory

Answer 12

Function: Involved in control of attention attaches meaning to stimulation makes associations among ideas and events.
Encoding: Encodes information to make it acceptable for LTM
Storage capacity: 7±2 chunks
Duration: About 20 seconds unless repeatedly rehearsed
Structure: Central executive, Phonological loop, Sketchpad, Episodic buffer.
Biological basis: involves the hippopotamus and frontal lobes.

Question 13

details of Long-term memory

Answer 13

Function: Long-term storage of information
Encoding: Stores information in meaningful mental categories
Storage capacity: Unlimited
Duration: Unlimited
Structure: Procedural and declarative memory (further subdivided into semantic and episodic memory)
Biological basis: Involves various parts of the cerebral cortex.

Question 14

What is Long-term memory?

Answer 14

final stage of processing. stores information from working memory for long periods of time or forever. all the experiences, rules, skills, words. LTM contains total knowledge of the world and ourselves.

Question 15

Dimensions of Long-term memory

Answer 15

Episodic Memory:
Recollections of
specific personal Semantic memory:
Experiences General knowledge
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Declarative memory ( memory of facts and events)
/
*️⃣Long-term memory
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Procedural memory ( Memory of how to do things)

Question 16

Memory disorders

Answer 16

Amnesia - a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use or psychological trauma

Anterograde amnesia - inability to form explicit memories for events that occur after the physical damadge to the brain.

Retrograde Amnesia - An inability to retrieve memories from the time before physical damage to the brain.

Question 17

Types of Memory

Answer 17

Sensory (<1sec)
Working (<1min)
Long-Term ( life-time)
/ \
Explicit (conscious) Implicit (unconscious)
| |
Declarative Procedural
(facts,events) (tasks,skills)
/ \
Episodic Semantic
experiences facts
events concepts

Question 18

What is Implicit memory

Answer 18

availability of information through memory process without conscious effort to encode or recover info. also known as UNCONSCIOUS or AUTOMATIC memory which is unintentionally memorized)

Question 19

What is Explicit Memory

Answer 19

Explicit memory is conscious effort to encode or recover information through memory process. it’s declarative memory because we consciously try to recall specific event or a piece of information.

Question 20

What are retrieval cues?

Answer 20

Retrieval cue- internally or externally generated stimulus available to help with rhetorical retrieval of memory. Elaborative rehearsal is a technique for improving memory by enriching rhetorical encoding of information.

Question 21

What is Primming?

Answer 21

Primming in the assessment of implicit memory, the advantage conferred by a prior exposure to a word or situation.

Question 22

What is Recall and Recognition?

Answer 22

Recall - a method of retrieval in which an individual is required to remember the information previously presented.

Recognition - a method of retrieval in which an individual is required to identify stimuli as having been experienced before.

Question 23

Context and Encoding

Answer 23

Encoding specificity principle - memories emerge most efficiently when the context of retrieval matches and the context of encoding.

Question 24

Mood and Memory

Answer 24

Our moods can affect what we remember, a phenomenon called mood-congruent memory. for example depression.

Question 25

What is Prospective Memory?

Answer 25

Prospective memory is a ability to remember to carry out intended actions in the future. remembering to remember. e.g going to lunch with a friend.

Question 26

Why do we forget?

Answer 26

Transience - Memories degrade with the passing of time. study was pioneered by German psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 27

What is interference?

Answer 27

3 main factors:
1) The more similar the two sets of material to be learned, the greater the likelihood of interference.

2) Meaningless material is more vulnerable to interference than meaningful material.

3) Emotional material can be especially powerful cause of interference.

Question 28

What is the Serial position effect?

Answer 28

Serial position effect - characteristic of a memory retrieval in which the recall of beginning and the end items on the list is better then recall of items in middle.
The primacy effect - refers to the relative ease of remembering the first items in the series.
The recency effects - refers to the strength of memory for most recent items.

Question 29

What is level of Processing?

Answer 29

A theory that suggests that the deeper the level which information was processed the more likely it is to be retained in the memory.

Question 30

The seven sins of memory

Answer 30

1️⃣Transience - decreasing accessibility of memory over time.
2️⃣Absent-mindedness - lapses of attention that result in forgetting.
3️⃣Misattribution - Memories are attributed to an incorrect source.
4️⃣Suggestibility - Implanted memories about the things that never occurred.
5️⃣Bias - Current knowledge and beliefs distort our memories of the past.
6️⃣Blocking - Information is present but temporarily accessible.
7️⃣Persistence - Unwanted recollections that we can never forget.

Question 31

What are Mnemonics?

Answer 31

Mnemonic strategies help us encode new information by associating it with long- term memory. 1) The method of loci (locations+items)
2) natural language mediators