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Virology > 01 > Flashcards

01 Flashcards

1
Q

This course is a challenging and exciting area in Clinical Microbiology. It has changed over the years, from the viral diagnostic testing which is only performed a very few highly specialized laboratories. Usually only the tertiary laboratories which are in tertiary hospitals. ______ are not capable of performing these tests in order to diagnose viral infections.

A

Secondary laboratories

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2
Q

_____was endemic in China by 1000BC. In response, the practice of _____ was developed.

A

Smallpox

variolation

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3
Q

Recognizing that survivors of smallpox outbreaks were protected from subsequent infection, _______ involved inhalation of the dried crusts from smallpox lesions like snuff, or in later modifications, inoculation of the pus from a lesion into a scratch on the forearms of a child.

A

variolation

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4
Q

To develop immunity, dried crusts were inhaled but the infection still continued.

A
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5
Q

Although small pox was totally eradicated in _____(not sure si Ma’am Paz), it’s because the vaccine made was very effective.

A

1980

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6
Q

Smallpox is similar to chickenpox but in terms of its effect, it is ____. Chickenpox does not cover the whole body, just fluid-filled blisters. But in smallpox, almost the whole body is covered in fluid-filled blisters.

A

deadliest

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7
Q

______ are considered universal

A

Virus infections

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8
Q

There is no type of organism that is safe from viral infections.

A

True

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9
Q

In other words, viruses can infect humans, plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, algae, and bacterial cell.

A
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10
Q

Many of these viruses that infect humans are:

A
  • Adenoviruses
  • Rotaviruses
  • Pox viruses
  • Hepadnaviruses
  • Herpesviruses
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11
Q

Some viruses are called _____ viruses from the term _____ meaning these viruses cause a specific types of cancer including human cancer such as lymphomas, carcinomas, and some types of leukemia.

A

oncogenic

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12
Q

Some viruses are called oncogenic viruses from the term oncogenic, meaning these viruses cause _______

A

a specific types of cancer

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13
Q

Some viruses are called oncogenic viruses from the term oncogenic, meaning these viruses cause a specific types of cancer including human cancer such as _______

A

lymphomas, carcinomas, and some types of leukemia.

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14
Q

Viruses have probably existed as long as bacteria and archaea have existed

A

true

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15
Q

Origin of Viruses – 3 Major Theories

one that has been debated by scientists for so many years.

A
  • The “coevolution theory”
  • The retrograde evolution theory”
  • The “escaped gene theory”
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16
Q

Theory where viruses was originated in the primordial soup and coevolved with bacteria and archaea. However, there are few supporters of this theory.

A

Coevolution Theory

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17
Q

Theory where these scientists believe that viruses evolved from free-living prokaryotes that invaded other living organisms, they gradually lost functions that were provided by the host cell. Just like the coevolution theory, there are only few supporters of this theory.

A

Retrograde Evolution Theory

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18
Q

Theory where these scientists believe that viruses are pieces of host cell RNA or DNA that have escaped from the living cells and are no longer under cellular control.

A

Escaped Gene Theory

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19
Q

The question of whether viruses are alive or not depends on ______.

A

one’s definition of life

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20
Q

more scientists agree that viruses lack most of the basic features of the cell like cell membrane, nucleus, and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi apparatus. So these scientists consider viruses as _____. Because viruses are not composed of cells, they are referred to as ______or infectious particles.

A

non-living entities

cellular microbes

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21
Q

There are two types of viruses:

A
  1. Animal viruses

2. Bacteriophages

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22
Q

These are viruses that infect humans and animals.

A

Animal viruses

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23
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria. In short, it is also called phages.

A

Bacteriophages

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24
Q

In terms of viral replication, these two viruses differ from each other

A

Animal viruses

Bacteriophages

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25
Q

A virus is an _______ parasite containing ______ surrounded by protein.

A

obligate intracellular

genetic material

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26
Q

_____ meaning in order for them to function, to replicate, they must be inside the cell, whether it’s animal, plant, fungi, bacteria.

A

Obligate

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27
Q

Viruses are either ____but not both.

A

DNA or RNA

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28
Q

Out of the 3 theories, this theory is currently most widely accepted explanation for the origin of viruses.

A

Escaped Gene Theory

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29
Q

The viral DNA or RNA is transcribed now into _____ through the use of the host cell ribosome.

A

mRNA

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30
Q

The viral DNA or RNA is transcribed now into mRNA through the use of the ______

A

host cell ribosome.

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31
Q

They are not called cells because they don’t have those basic structures in order for an organism to replicate. That is why viruses are called infectious particles or infectious agents.

A
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32
Q

These viruses range in size from _____ in diameter but in some book, it’s _____ in diameter.

A

10-250 μm

10-300 μm

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33
Q

Although some virus like the _____ (largest virus). They can be up to 1 μm in length and that is already big for a virus.

A

Ebola virus

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34
Q

the smallest virus is the _____ it is

about the size of large hemoglobin molecule of the red blood cell.

A

poliovirus,

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35
Q

Because of virus sizes, it cannot be seen under a light compound microscope. Virus particles can only be observed by an _____

A

electron microscope.

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36
Q

The first photograph of viruses was obtained in _____ by means of electron microscope. They were
able to observe it by staining the specimen using a ____- procedures.

A

1940

negative staining

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37
Q

From the first photomicrograph in 1940, different staining techniques were developed and negative staining was developed in ____

A

1959.

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38
Q

The study of viruses was revolutionized making it possible to observe unstained specimens

A
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39
Q

In negative staining, the specimen is unstained because we make use of _______, coloring the background so the microorganism will
appear translucent or transparent.

A

India ink or Nigrosin

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40
Q

Recognizing the _____ of different viruses is critical to the study of disease.

A

shape, size, and structure

41
Q 
Recognizing the shape, size, and structure of different viruses is
critical to the study of disease.
● Pollen – 
● Smaller airborne particulate – 
● Bacteria –
● Viruses –
A

● Pollen – 15-200 μm
● Smaller airborne particulate – 2.5 μm
● Bacteria – 0.2-2 μm
● Viruses – 20-400nm

42
Q

_____ are capable of causing cowpox virus (food and mumps disease) = Range: _____

A

Vaccinia

200-300 nm.

43
Q

Mumps: _______ (Pyromyxo viruses)

A

Paromixoviridae

44
Q

Herpes simplex virus: measure ______

A

100-150 nm

45
Q

different parts of a virus.

A 
● Membrane protein
● Genetic material made up of RNA
● Nucleocapsid protein
● Spike protein
● Envelope
46
Q

Virus properties:

5 specific properties that distinguish from living cells.

A
  1. Possess either DNA or RNA but not both
  2. Unable to replicate or multiply on their own (instead their
    replication is directed by the viral nucleic acid once it has
    been introduced into a host cell)
  3. Do not divide by binary fission (replication process of bacteria) , mitosis, or meiosis (process of reproduction of eukaryotic cells)
  4. Lack the genes and enzymes for energy production
  5. Depend on the ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites of the
    host for CHON and nucleic acid production.
47
Q

7 DNA Viruses:

A 
● Papovaviridae
● Parvoviridae
● Adenoviridae
● Poxviridae
● Hepadnaviridae
● Herpesviridae
● Iridovirida
48
Q

7 DNA Viruses:

Mnemonic: PaPaAdPoHeHeIr

A 
● Papovaviridae
● Parvoviridae
● Adenoviridae
● Poxviridae
● Hepadnaviridae
● Herpesviridae
● Iridoviridae
49
Q

ether sensitive/ether labile viruses

A

PaPaAd

50
Q

_____ are ether resistant viruses

A

PoHeHe

51
Q

13 RNA VIRUSES:

A 
● Arenaviridae
● Bunyaviridae
● Caliciviridae
● Coronaviridae
● Filoviridae
● Flaviviridae
● Orthomyxoviridae
● Paramyxoviridae
● Picornaviridae
● Reoviridae
● Rhabdoviridae
● Togaviridae
● Rotaviridae
52
Q

RNA VIRUSES:

Non enveloped:

  • Single stranded positive-sense: ___
  • Double stranded:_____
A

Single stranded positive-sense:

  • Astroviruses
  • Caliciviruses
  • Picornaviruses

Double stranded:

  • Reoviruses
  • Rotaviruses
53
Q

RNA VIRUSES:

Enveloped:
- Single stranded positive-sense: \_\_\_
- Single stranded negative-sense:
    ~linear: \_\_\_\_
    ~Segmented: \_\_\_\_
- Retrovirus:\_\_\_\_
A

Single stranded positive-sense:

  • Togaviruses
  • Flaviviruses
  • Coronaviruses
Single stranded negative-sense:
    ~linear: 
       - Rhabdoviruses 
       - Paramyxoviruses
    ~Segmented: 
       - Arenaviruses
       - Bunyaviruses
       - Orthomyxoviruses

Retrovirus

  • Lentiviruses
  • Oncoviruses
54
Q

DNA VIRUSES:

Non enveloped:

  • Single-stranded linear:____
  • Double-stranded linear: ____
  • Double-stranded circular: ____
A 
Single-stranded linear:
  - Parvoviruses
Double-stranded linear: 
  - Adenoviruses 
Double-stranded circular: 
  - Papillomaviruses
  - Polymaviruses
55
Q

DNA VIRUSES:

Enveloped

  • Double-stranded linear: ____
  • Double- stranded circular: ____
A 
Double-stranded linear: 
  - Herpesviruses
  - Poxviruses
Double- stranded circular:
  - Hepadnaviruses
56
Q

Nucleic acid that virus posses may either be single- or double stranded. Within the host cell, single-stranded positive-sense RNA functions as _____, whereas single-stranded negative-sense RNA serves as a ______ of mRNA

A 
messenger RNA (mRNA)
template for the production
57
Q

Double-stranded Circular viruses are also called ______

A

Papovaviruses

58
Q

Envelope – ______

Nucleocapsid - _____

A

Naked genetic material

envelope and non-envelope

59
Q

Viral Structure - Some Terminology
● Viral particle – _____(Complete, small, simple structure)
● Protein which coats the genome – _____
● Capsids are composed of many small protein units – ______
● Capsid usually _____
● Capsid + genome = _____
● May have an envelope (Composed of ____ composition)

A 
virion
capsid
capsomere / capsomer.
symmetrical
nucleocapsid
Lipids & Polysaccharides
60
Q

Characteristics of a Virus:

● Type of genetic material (either DNA or RNA)
● Whether the virus nucleic acid is single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds)
● Whether the virus nuclei acid is positive-sense or negative-sense
● Shape of the capsid
● Number of capsomeres
● Size of the capsid
● Presence or absence of envelope
● Type of host that it infects
● Type of disease it produces (Oncoviruses)
● Target cell
● Immunologic or antigenic properties

A
61
Q 
How are Viruses named?
Based on:
● the disease they cause \_\_\_\_\_
● the type of disease \_\_\_\_\_
● geographic locations\_\_\_\_\_
● their discover \_\_\_\_
● how they were originally thought to be contracted\_\_\_\_
● combinations of the above \_\_\_\_
A 
○ polioviruses, rabies virus
○ murine leukemia virus
○ Sendai virus, Coxsackie virus
○ Epstein-Barr virus
○ dengue virus; influenza virus 
○ Rous Sarcoma virus
62
Q

____ (taken form the word “evil spirit”),

A

dengue virus

63
Q

____ (the influence of bad air)

A

influenza virus

64
Q

5 Basic Types of Viral Structure:

A 
Icosahedral
Enveloped Icosahedral
Helical 
Enveloped Helical
Complex
65
Q

Types of Viruses:

A

Icosahedral
Enveloped
Helical
More complex structure

66
Q

capsid coat nucleic acid and each of these capsids are made up of several capsomere

A

Helical

67
Q

made up of lipids and polysaccharides

A

Enveloped

68
Q

frequently, the enveloped around the capsids makes the virus now appears ____ in shape and can be seen in electron micrograph

A

spherical/irregular

69
Q

ENVELOPED
this is acquired by certain animal virus as they escape from the nucleus or cytoplasm of the host cell by ___ (inside the cell it is just naked)
● derived from either host cells nuclear membrane or host cells
cell membrane/cytoplasmic membrane
● apparently, these viruses are able to altered cell membranes
○ By adding proteins/protein fibers, spikes, knobs, to enable the virus to recognize to the next host cell

A

budding

70
Q

polyhedral capsids in which geometrically they are referred

to as ____

A

icosahedrons

71
Q

Polyhedral capsids

A

icosahedral

72
Q

they have 20 sides or facets

and each of these facets consists of several capsomeres

A

Icosahedral

73
Q

ICOSAHEDRAL

the size of the virus is determined by the size of each facet and the number of ____ in each of these facet

sometimes, icosahedral have enveloped and non-envelop

A

capsomeres

74
Q

Based on genetic contents and replication strategies of viruses.

A

The Baltimore Classification System

75
Q

According to the Baltimore classification, viruses are divided into the following seven classes:

A
  1. dsDNA viruses
  2. ssDNA viruses
  3. dsRNA viruses
  4. (+) sense ssRNA viruses (codes directly for protein)
  5. (-) sense ssRNA viruses
  6. RNA reverse transcribing viruses
  7. DNA reverse transcribing viruses
76
Q

Where “ds” represents _____ and “ss” denotes _____

A

“double strand”

“single strand”

77
Q

Viral Replication

Steps in the Multiplication of Animal viruses:

A 
● Attachment or Adsorption
● Penetration
● Uncoating
● Biosynthesis
● Assembly or maturation
● Release
78
Q

Viruses are______parasites; that is, they must be inside a living cell and use the host cell machinery to replicate

A

obligate intracellular

79
Q

What is the first step for infection of a cell to occur, the complete viral particle called the ____ must absorb or attach to the cell surface (cell attachment or cell absorption).

A

Attachment of Adsorption

virion

80
Q

Viruses can attach only to cells bearing the appropriate_______ receptor on the surface of the host cell.

A

protein or polysaccharide

81
Q

● Absorption is specific for certain cell receptors, and receptor distribution will determine the entry point into the host.

● Most host cell receptors are _____

A

glycoproteins

82
Q

receptor site for poliovirus

A

immunoglobulin superfamily molecules

83
Q

receptor site for rabies virus

A

acetylcholine

84
Q

receptor site for influenza virus

A

sialic acid

85
Q

receptor site for HIV

A

CD4

86
Q

receptor site for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

complement receptor C3d

87
Q

The virus attaches to specific receptors on the surface of a
susceptible cell by means of specialized structures on its
surface called _______

A

adhesion molecules

88
Q

This step can occur in different ways including fusion, phagocytosis, or injection of the genetic material/genome
into the host cell.

A

Penetration

89
Q

Viruses can penetrate (or inject the genetic material) the cell
by several different mechanisms and penetration

A
90
Q

Once inside the cell, the virus loses its protein coat (capsid),
releasing the genome. This process is called _____

A

uncoating

91
Q

Steps where RNA viruses usually release the genome into the ____, whereas most DNA viruses release their genome into the _____

A

Uncoating

cytoplasm
host nucleus.

92
Q

The viral genome then directs the host cell to make viral
proteins and replicate the viral genome. This process is
called _______

A

biosynthesis or synthetic phase.

93
Q

Many viral species are produced in which the _____ acts as a template. The viral genetic material ang sugdan kung unsay hitsura paghimo; pinakatemplate for the production of mRNA

A

viral nucleic acid

94
Q

Can be quite complicated step, depending on what type of
virus infect the cell, whether the virus is a single stranded or
double stranded virus.

A

Biosynthesis

95
Q

Protein coat- _____

Genetic material- _____

A

hexagonal (piattos)

spiral shape

96
Q

Step/Process where spiral genetic material will be coated with hexagonal protein. Inside host cell, many nucleocapsid will be made

A

Assembly and maturation

97
Q

Because a host cell is full of nucleocapsid, the cell will burst (depending on the reaction) then the virus replicated inside will be _______

A

released.

98
Q

Release

Either the new virions are released by ____ or by
_____ (By ___-mahimo ang nucleocapsid as an
enveloped virus kay mu fuse. By __- virions are
naked)

A

lysis

budding

99
Q

_____ is a contagious respiratory infection caused by influenza
viruses. Like all viruses, influenza must gain entry into host
cells to replicate.

A

Flu

Virology (10 decks)

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