004: Philippine Aquaculture Species Flashcards
aggressive, non native species, presence can likely harm, can grow rapidly
Invasive species
give samples of invasive species
janitor fish, largemouth bass, mozambique tilapia
are native to local but still can cause problem
Nuisance species
give samples of nuisance species
green mussel, water hyacinth
are considered alien, nonnative, nonindigenouss, occur in areas outside its natural geographic range
Exotic species
give samples of exotic species
nile tilapia, common carp
are uniquely found in one part of the world, and that part only
Endemic species
give samples of endemic species
sinarapan, cebu sardine
also called native species, is found in a certain ecosystem due to natural processes
indigenous species
give samples of indigenous species
milkfish, silver perch
what two species dominated the aquaculture setting?
Tilapia and Milkfish
- on of the earliest aquaculture introduced in the phililpines
- 2022, it was the most produced aquaculture fish species (388 TMT)
-freshwater, brackish or even marine
Milkfish (Chanos chanos)
- freshwater habitats
-feed mainly on phytoplankton and benthic algae - has its own hieroglyph “rebirth”
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
-also known as java tilapia
- generally black in color, underside white, dorsal and caudal has red margins
-freshwater, brackish, marine
-10% of world tilapia production
- female, are mouthbrooders
Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
- almost the same with nile tilapia
- has yellow underisde and yellow caudal and pectoral fins
- grows fast, and thrives on colder waters such as reservoirs
- has blue coloration on their bodies to attract mates
Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)
- hybrid variety of tilapia bred for its reddish-pink color.
-commonly it is a cross of nile tilapia and mozambique tilapia - mislabeled as Red Snapper due to its red color
Red Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)
- freshwater fish that was introduced in the Philippines as early as 1915.
- It was stocked in Laguna de Bay and Camarines Sur
- endemic to Europe
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
can tolerate in extreme water temperature and high turbidity
- commonly stocked with silver carp to control phytoplankton bloom and water quality
- are exceptional at filtering water bec. they primarily feed on plankton
Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
- commonly known as “Babangan”
- has been established in aquaculture through assisted or artificial reproduction
- has not been established in wild but has already been reported in Laguna de Bay. Recorded from Candaba swamp and Pampanga River
- has been farmed in rice fields
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
- locally known as “Ayungin”, Jose Rizal’s favorite dish
- endemic freshwater species that is caught or cultured for food in the Philippines
- Back in 1991, it was the most abundant in Laguna de Bay, but due to the introduction of bass and tilapia and overfishing contribute to a severe decline to its population
-popular among Filipinos because it is the tastiest among all native freshwater species
Silver perch (Leiopotherapon plumbeus)
- locally known as lapu-lapu
- represents about 2% of the total fish cat in the Philippines
- in the Philippines, groupers are being cultured in sea cages
- as groupers mature, they change from female to male
Grouper (Epinephelus spp.)
also known as ‘Rabbitfish’
- are algae-feeding marine species that are sometimes polycultured with Milkfish in sea pens
- the general principles are the same with those milkfish farming
- able to change the color of its body during the night or when faced with danger
Siganid (Sigsiganus guttatus)
- african sharp-tooth catfish and was introduced in 1980s, is a high-yield, larger, faster and commercially valuable commodity
- By early 2000s, it had overtaken other cultured species of catfish in the country
- known for their ability to move over land
- they can use their pectoral fins and body movements to “walk” or wriggle over short distances on land
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
- long, dark fish has lung-like organs and high tolerance to harsh living conditions
- it can leave the water to walk/wiggle to a better location as long as it stays moist
- although it is native to southeast asia, it has successfully invaded other areas with the help of humans like Pakistan, eastern India, Philippines and South Florida
- because of their mobility and tolerance, and their indiscriminate feeding habits, they are labeled as an aggressively invasive species and blacklisted in several countries, including the US
Thai catfish (Clarias batrachus)
native but fast diasppearing species in the Philippines.
- locally named as “hito” in Tagalogs, “paltat” to Ilocanos, “pantat” to Cebuanos and Ilongos, and “Ito” to Pampangueños
- esteemed food fish in Southeast asia due to its tender and delicious meat
- constitutes a valuable fishery for small-scale fishers in the region and has a great potential for aquaculture
- it exhibit notable notable parental care behavior. After spawning, the female will guard the eggs and protect the fry (young fish) in their early stage
Broadhead catfish (Clarias microcephalus)
- it is known as Mekong giant catfish or Viatnamese catfish
- it requires a warm climate to grow properly. The water temperature should be between 24 and 28 degrees celsius
- they have a unique ability to produce sounds by rapidly contracting their muscles around their swim bladder. The sound is often described as “singing” or grunting
Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus)
- also known as the common snakehead, chevron snakehead, or snakehead murrel or simply mudfish
- native to South and Southeast asia, and has been introduced to some Pacific Islands
- can survive in both fresh and brackish water and typically breed in ditches, ponds and flooded paddy fields
- known for its aggressive predatory behavior, and adaptability in various environment. It preys on fish, amphibians and small mammals
Striped snakehead (Channa striata)
- was introduced in the Philippines in 1905 without thorough evaluation of its possible negative impact on the environment
- it is considered as a pest in Cagayan Valley region due to the economic loss it brought to the farmers
- considered as a delicacy in many parts of Asia, and are often used in traditional dishes, soups, and stir-fries due to their tender, flavorful flesh
Rice eel (Monopterus albus)
what is the family name of Oysters?
Ostreidae
what is the family name of mussels
mytilidae
what is the family name of clams?
Mercenaridae
what is the family name of scallops
Pectinidae
what is the family name of abalone?
Haliotidae
what is the family name of cockles?
Arcidae
Shape: Elongated, oval, and symmetrical shells that are usually dark in color.
Habitat: Typically found attached to rocks or other surfaces in marine and freshwater Feeding: Filter feeders; they also filter phytoplankton, Reproduction: Generally have separate sexes, though some can be hermaphroditic.
Mytilidae (Mussel)
locally known is the only species of mussel farmed commercially in some areas in the Philippines. The green mussel is one of the most popular shellfish in the Philippines and is cultured extensively. Culture methods rely on the fact that at a certain point in development, the planktonic larvae settle in any suitable substrate present.
Green mussel (Perna viridis)
although they are harvested from natural grounds, are not suitable for farming because it is not known to attach to ropes or bamboo poles, but only on living adults growing in dense mats on muddy bottoms. It dwells in the mud bottoms of estuaries such as Batan Bay in Aklan. It attaches itself to the bottom by its byssal threads. Unlike the green mussel, however, it seems to prefer horizontal surfaces to vertical ones, making field culture more difficult
Brown mussel (Modiolus metcalfei)
Elongated to ovate thin shell with smooth yellowish brown periostracum and numerous concentric growth marks This species is present in the Red Sea, Madagascar, and Indo-Pacific, from eastern Africa to eastern Indonesia; north to Japan, and south to Queensland and Western Australia • Much like brown mussels, horse mussels inhabit sublittoral muds to a depth of 40 meters.
Philippine Horse Mussel (Modiolus philippinarum)
Habitat: Often found attached to hard substrates or each other in intertidal and subtidal zones.
Shape: Generally irregular and asymmetrical shells.
Feeding: Filter feeders; filter plankton from the water.
Reproduction: Can change sex; many are hermaphroditic.
Ostreidae (Oysters)
Shape: Generally symmetrical and rounded or oval shells.
Habitat: Burrow into the sand or mud in both marine and freshwater environments.
Feeding: Filter feeders, but some can also be deposit feeders. Reproduction: Usually have separate sexes and release eggs into the water for external fertilization
Mercenaridae (Clams)
Shape: Fan-shaped, with a distinct, ribbed shell; usually symmetrical. Habitat: Mostly found on the seafloor, either free-swimming or attached to substrates.
Feeding: Filter feeders that actively swim by rapidly opening and closing their shells.
Reproduction: Typically have separate sexes; some species can change sex.
Pectinidae (Scallops)
Shape: Characterized by a flattened, ear-shaped shell with a series of holes along the edge.
Habitat: Typically found in rocky marine environments, often in shallow waters.
Feeding: Herbivorous; they graze on algae using a rough tongue called a radula.
Reproduction: Usually have separate sexes and release eggs and sperm into the water for externa fertilization. 36-38/57
Haliotidae (Abalone)
Shape: Rounded and asymmetrical shells, often with prominent ribs. Habitat: Burrow in sandy or muddy substrates in marine environments.
Feeding: Filter feeders; they can also be deposit feeders. Reproduction: Typically have separate sexes and release gametes into the water for externa fertilization.
Arcidae (Cockles)
This is the largest species among penaeid shrimps and prawns in Southeast Asian waters.
One of the largest females caught had a carapace length of 8.2 cm or body length of 27 cm weighing 240 g.
Sugpo, considered to be a delicacy in the Philippines, is an expensive food item.
Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon)
is one of the most widely cultured shrimp species globally, known for its fast growth, high market demand, and adaptability to various farming conditions.
• The Philippines exports this shrimp species to various countries, including the United States and Japan, making it a key player in the global seafood trade.
Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
this species is smaller compared to the Black Tiger Prawn, typically growing to about 16 cm (6 inches) in length.
It has a yellowish-brown shell with faint transverse bands, and its body is slender compared to other prawn species.
It is another important aquaculture species, though, it is not widely cultivated in the country.
Endeavor Prawn (Metapenaeus endeavouri)
One of the important species in aquaculture in Asia, including the Philippines. This species has been cultivated due to its adaptability to different environmental conditions, high growth rates, and market demand.
- are omnivorous and can thrive on a mixed diet of natural pond organisms (plankton, detritus) and commercial shrimp feed. In 2022, only 372 metric tons of white shrimp was produced locally.
White Prawn (Penaeus indicus)
Among the Family Palaemonidae, this species is attaining the largest size and is probably one of the biggest freshwater prawns in the world.
It is a highly valued species in aquaculture due to its large size, high market demand, and the fact that it can be cultured in freshwater systems,
Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Also known locally as “Takla”,
- is a species of shrimp belonging to the family Alpheidae that is beginning to be cultured in the coastal areas of the Philippines
- is among the world’s fastest shrimps and can produce the loudest sounds underwater. While green pistol shrimp are not yet widely farmed commercially in the Philippines, there is growing interest in their potential as a niche aquaculture product
Green Pistol Shrimp (Alpheus normanni)
One of the most widely recognized and commercially important species of crayfish. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico but has been introduced to many parts of the world for aquaculture, as well as accidentally through the aquarium trade.
- has garnered attention due to its adaptability and market potential, although its aquaculture is not as widespread as more established.
Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
This is the most well-known species of crab which can sometimes also be called the “Sri Lankan crab.”
- is widely practiced, they are grown bigger than 1kg in size. This species prefers a higher salinity of 18 to 25 ppt as compared with the other species.
Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)
This species is easy to identify from their red-colored claw and is commonly found in Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines.
This species does not seem to grow beyond 800 grams. They are usually found in areas with lower salinity, in regions as low as 8 to 15 ppt.
However, they are prized for their fullness in their meat which corresponds to higher protein content. Despite tougher and fuller meat.
Orange Mud Crab (Scylla olivacea)
-commonly wrongly identified as Scylla serrata
- claws are usually dark brown or purple (violet) in color, and can go up to 1kg in size.
It is commonly found in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Similar to the Scylla olivacea, they are commonly farmed for soft-shell crab purposes. However, they are not as aggressive as Scylla olivacea.
They also prefer a lower salinity range of 10 to 17ppt.
Purple Mud Crab (Scylla transquebarica)
They are commonly found in Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Malaysia, and Indonesia. In Vietnam, these are commonly farmed in traditional mud ponds from fly sizes up to 300 to 400 grams.
- can only go up to 600 700 grams. However, they are known to be the least aggressive among all the other mud crab species enabling a higher stocking density.
Green Mud Crab (Scylla Paramamosain)
Currently, the Philippines is endowed with production which is mainly Eucheuma and Kappahycus. Of the more than two dozen species known in the world, three species of Eucheuma and four species of Kappaphycus are present in the Philippines.
Aquatic Plants
Eucheuma denticulatum
Eucheuma arnoldii
Eucheuma gelatinae
Kappaphycus alvarezii
Kappaphycus striatum
Kappaphycus procrusteanum
Currently, the Philippines is endowed with production which is mainly Eucheuma and Kappahycus. Of the more than two dozen species known in the world, three species of Eucheuma and four species of Kappaphycus are present in the Philippines.
Aquatic Plants
Eucheuma denticulatum
Eucheuma arnoldii
Eucheuma gelatinae
Kappaphycus alvarezii
Kappaphycus striatum
Kappaphycus procrusteanum
