001 Orientation Flashcards
Anatomy, Physiology, and Homeostasis
Anatomy
Study of the structure of body and their relationship to one another
Physiology
Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of large structures in the body
Microscopic Anatomy
Study of structures at the cellular level
Developmental Anatomy
Study of how structures change over time
Subdivisions of Physiology
Based on organ systems (e.g. renal or cardiovascular Physiology) and often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form
Basic Characteristics of Living Organisms
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Essential Needs for Survival
Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, pressure
Levels of Organization of the Human Body
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, forms blood cells within bones, and stores minerals.
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat
Nervous System
Fast-acting control system of the body that responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes; the heart pumps blood
Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
Reproductive System
Overall function is the production of offspring
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment
Homeostatic Control of Variables
Involves three components: receptor, control center, and effector
Receptor (sensor)
Monitors environment and responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
Control Center
Determines set point at which variables is maintained, receives input from receptor, and determines appropriate response
Control Center
Determines set point at which variable is maintained, receives in put from receptor, and determines appropriate response
Effector
Receives output from control center and provides the means to respond
Negative Feedback
Most-used feedback mechanism; response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Positive Feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
