0. Introduction Flashcards
Earlier attempts to classify organisms were instinctively not using scientific criteria but borne out of our need/uses – for food, shelter, security, transport and clothing.
T/F
True
______ was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classifying organisms.
Aristotle
Aristotle used simple or gross morphological characteristics to classify.
T/F
True
Aristotle classified:
a. Plants into -
b. Animals into -
a. Trees, shrubs & herbs
b. Enaima [Red blood present] & Anaima [Red blood absent]
Two Kingdom Classification given by ____.
He divided organisms into ____, based on the presence and absence of ____.
Carolus Linnaeus
Into Kingdom Plantae & Kingdom Animalia
Based on the presence & absence of Cell wall.
Linnaeus included bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms under ‘Plantae’ based on the presence of the Cell Wall but they widely differ in other characteristics.
T/F
True
Linnaeus didn’t distinguish between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. How?
Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Cyanobacteria
were placed in Plantae (which is Eukaryotic)
Linnaeus didn’t distinguish between Unicellular and Multicellular organisms. How?
Unicellular: Chlamydomonas
& Multicellular: Spirogyra
were placed together under algae
Linnaeus didn’t distinguish between Photosynthetic and Non-photosynthetic. How?
Fungi are heterotrophs and were placed with Autotrophic Plants.
a. Fungi cell wall is made up of:
b. Green plants’ cell wall is made up of:
a. Fungi: Chitinous
b. Plants: Cellulosic
Two kingdoms of classification used for a long time were found inadequate because a large number of organisms
did not fall into either category.
T/F
True
____ Kingdom is added to the 3-Kingdom classification given by ____.
Protista: Haekal
____ Kingdom is added to the 4-Kingdom classification given by ____.
Copeland; Monera
5-Kingdom Classification was proposed by ______ in ___ year.
R.H. Whittaker (1969)
In Whittaker’s Classification, 5 Kingdoms are:
I. Monera
II. Protista
III. Fungi
IV. Plantae
v. Animalia
The main criteria for 5-Kingdom Classification include -
I. Mode of nutrition
II. Cell type/structure
III. Phylogenetic relationships
IV. Body organization
V. Reproduction
Cell structure/type in:
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
e. Animalia
a. Monera - Prokaryotic
b. Protista - Eukaryotic
c. Fungi - Eukaryotic
d. Plantae - Eukaryotic
e. Animalia - Eukaryotic
Cell Wall in:
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
e. Animalia
a. Monera: Non-Cellulosic = Polysaccharide + Amino acid
b. Protista: Present in some
c. Fungi: Present (Chitin)
d. Plantae: Present (Cellulose)
e. Animalia: Absent
Nuclear membrane in:
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
e. Animalia
a. Monera: Absent
b. Protista: Present
c. Fungi: Present
d. Plantae: Present
e. Animalia: Present
Body Organisation in:
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
e. Animalia
a. Monera: Cellular
b. Protista: Cellular
c. Fungi: Multicellular/loose tissue
d. Plantae: Tissue/organ
e. Animalia: Tissue/organ/organ system
Mode of Nutrition in:
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
e. Animalia
a. Monera:
Some are Autotrophic (Chemosynthetic and Photosynthetic)
&
Most are Heterotrophic (Saprophytic/Parasitic)
b. Protista: Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic
c. Fungi: Heterotrophic (Saprophytic/Parasitic)
d. Plantae: Autotrophic (Photosynthetic)
e. Animalia: Heterotrophic (Holozoic/Saprophytic, etc.)
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom ____.
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista has brought together:
a. ____ & ____ which were earlier placed in Algae within Plantae and both have cell walls.
b. ____ & ____ which were earlier placed in Animalia which lack a cell wall
a. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella
b. Paramoecium and Amoeba
Over time, attempts made to evolve a classification that reflects not only the morphological, physiological and reproductive similarities but is also phylogenetic, i.e., is based on evolutionary relationships.
T/F
True
6-Kingdom Classification or 3-Domain system of Life was proposed by ______.
Carl Woese
Three domains are as follows:
- Domain Archaea (Kingdom Archaebacteria)
- Domain Eubacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria)
- Eukarya (4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms- Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
3 domains system divides the kingdom monera into two domains based on ____.
16srRNA sequence
Kingdom Animalia is bigger than the Eukarya Domain.
T/F
False,
Eukarya Domain > Kingdom Animalia
