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Question 1

What is a natural event?

Answer 1

An event caused by the earth without social impact

Question 2

What is a natural hazard?

Answer 2

An natural event that has a social impact

Question 3

5 examples of natural events

Answer 3

Volcanic eruptions/earthquakes/storms/tsunamis/floods

Question 4

Factors affecting risk from natural hazards

Answer 4

1. Poverty
2. Urbanisation
3. Farming
4. Climate change

Question 5

Why live at risk from tectonic hazards

Answer 5

1. Fertile soils
2. Tourism
3. Poverty
4. Resources

Question 6

Reducing the risks of tectonic hazards

Answer 6

1. Monitoring
2. Planning
3. Prediction
4. Protection

Question 7

Proof of climate change

Answer 7

1. Shrinking glaciers and ice sheets
2. Rising sea levels
3. Seasonal changes

Question 8

Natural causes of climate change

Answer 8

1. Volcanic activity-Emits sulphur dioxide, a greenhouse gas
2. Earths orbit-Earth tilts from 21* to 23*
3. Sun heat output-when at maximum the sun is letting out most heat

Question 9

Human causes of climate change

Answer 9

1. Carbon dioxide emission, eg burning if fossil fuels
2. Methane, eg livestock
3. Nitrous oxides, eg car exhausts

Question 10

Managing the impacts of climate change

Answer 10

1. Carbon capture
2. Planting trees
3. Alternative energy sources
4. International agreements

Question 11

Reducing the effects of tropical storms

Answer 11

1. Monitoring
2. Protection
3. Planning

Question 12

Economic developments of rainforests

Answer 12

Gains

• Development of agriculture
• Tax for government
• Improved infrastructure
• Raw materials
• Hydroelectric power is cheap and renewable.
• Gold can be sold

Losses

• Water shortages
• Fires can burn out of control
• Rising temperatures can ruining farming
• Plants become extinct(medical benefits)
• Tourist number decreases

Question 13

Opportunity and challenges in (Svalbard) Cold Environments

Answer 13

Opportunity

• Mineral extraction
• Energy supply
• Fishing
• Tourism

Challenges

• Extreme temperatures
• Construction
• Services
• Accessibility

Question 14

Rivers

Uses

Answer 14

• Transport
• Hydroelectricity
• Tourism
• Agriculture

Question 15

1. Source
2. Confluence
3. Meander
4. Tributary
5. Drainage basin
6. River bank
7. River bed
8. River channel
9. Floodplain
10. Bed load
11. Watershed
12. Mouth

Answer 15

1. Where river starts
2. Where two rivers join
3. Large corner in river
4. Where small river joins a big one
5. Area of land drained by a river
6. Land on either side of a river
7. Base of river
8. Where river flows
9. Land alongside river
10. Rocks transported by the river
11. Edge of drainage basin
12. Where river meets lake or sea

Question 16

River erosion

Answer 16

1. Solution- acidic river dissolves rocks like limestone
2. Hydraulic action- force of flowing water on base of river
3. Attrition- where particles brush off one another
4. Abrasion- where stones hit the side and base of the river

Question 17

Factors of river erosion

Answer 17

• Load
• Velocity of river
• Gradient
• Geology
• pH

Question 18

River landforms

Answer 18

• Interlocking Spurs
• Waterfalls
• Flood plains
• Levees
• Meanders
• Check notes

Question 19

Physical factors of flooding

Answer 19

• Precipitation
• Geology
• Steep slopes

Question 20

Human factors of flooding

Answer 20

• Urbanisation
• Deforestation
• Agriculture

Question 21

Preventing flooding-> hard engineering

Answer 21

• Embankments
• Dams
• Channel straightening
• Flood relief

Question 22

Preventing flooding-> soft engineering

Answer 22

• Preparing
• Wetlands and flood storage area
• Floodplain zoning
• River restoration

Question 23

Storm hydrograph

Answer 23

Notes

Question 24

Glacial landscapes

Answer 24

1. Corries
2. Glacial trough
3. Truncated Spurs
4. Hanging valleys
5. Ribbon lakes
6. Erratics
7. Drumlins
8. Moraine
   * see notes

Question 25

Conflict in glaciated areas

Answer 25

1. Quarrying
2. Tourism
3. Water storage