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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy ?

A

study of structure of an organism and the relationship of its part

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2
Q

physiology ?

A

study of the functions of an organism and it’s part

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3
Q

characteristics of life :

A
  1. organization
  2. metabolism
  3. growth/development
  4. responsiveness(aka irritability)
  5. adaptability
  6. reproduction (formation of new cells or the formation of a new individual
    ex. ) cell reproduction 2 . conception
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4
Q

metabolism?

A

chemical reactions that occur within the human body it is the sum total of the 2 processes of catabolism and anabolism .

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5
Q

catabolism / anabolism ?

A

catabolism - ( breaking down) large molecules into small molecules
anabolism- (building) process of joining small molecules together to form larger molecules

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6
Q

chemical level

A

simplest level of organization in the body .
consists of atoms , molecules, and macromolecules!
1.

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7
Q

organelle level

A

consists of each individual organelle in the body .
each organelle is a precise arrangement of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that work together to carry out specific functions .
2.

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8
Q

cellular level

A

consists of each individual cell in the body
each tissue is a precise arrangement of specific organelles that work together to carry out specific functions .
3.

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9
Q

tissue level

A

consists of each individual tissue in the body
each tissue is a precise arrangement of similar kinds of cells that work together to carry out specific functions
4.

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10
Q

organ level

A

consists of each individual organ in the body.
each organ is a precise arrangement of different kinds of tissues that work together to carry out specific functions .
5.

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11
Q

system level

A

consists of each individual organ in the body.
each system is a precise area of different kinds of organs that work together to carry out specific functions
6.

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12
Q

major systems of the body ?

A
  1. integumentary - consists of skin hair and nails function : protection !
  2. skeletal- consists of bones. function: support .
  3. muscular- consists of muscles
    function: movement
  4. nervous- consists of brain , spinal cord, and nerves function: rapid but short lasting communication , control, and integration
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13
Q

anatomical position

A

the reference position in A/P

individual is standing with arms at sides and palms forward ; also head and feet face forward

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14
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

two sides that are the same
an external feature of the human body
when the external body is divided exactly in the midline the human body shows bilateral symmetry

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15
Q

ipsilateral?

A

same side

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16
Q

contralateral?

A

opposite side

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17
Q

body regions ?

A

axial / appendicular

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18
Q

axial subdivision?

A

consists of head, neck , and torso (trunk)

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19
Q

other subdivisions:

  1. cephalic
  2. cervical
  3. thoracic
  4. abdominal
  5. pelvic
A
  1. head
  2. neck
  3. chest
  4. abdomen
  5. pelvis
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20
Q

appendicular

A

consists of the upper and lower extremities (appendages)

also has many subdivisions

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21
Q

hypochondriac (L&R)

A

above stomach

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22
Q

epigastric

A

above stomach

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23
Q

lumbar

A

lower back (l&r)

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24
Q

umbilical

A

contains the umblicus

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25
Q

iliac

A

inguinal (l&r) groin

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26
Q

hypogastric

A

below stomach

abdominopelvic quadrants

27
Q

RUQ

A

liver, fall bladder, part pancreas, part small, large/ intestine

28
Q

LUQ

A

liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas and part of small large intestine .

29
Q

RLQ

A

small/large instestines, appendix right ovary, fallopian tube right ureter.

30
Q

LLQ

A

left ovary, fallopian tube, left ureter small/ large intestine .

31
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

back body cavity

32
Q

cranial cavity

A

the cavity within the skull that skull that houses the brain

33
Q

spinal cravity

A

the cavity within the spinal (vertebral) column that houses the spinal cord

34
Q

central body cavity

A

front body cavity

35
Q

thoracic cavity

A

the cavity within the thoracic (chest) region

36
Q

right and left pleural cavities

A

house the R & L lungs

37
Q

mediastinum

A

space in the center of the thoracic cavity .

houses the heart as several other structures .

38
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

the cavity within the abdominal region (abdomen)

39
Q

pelvic cavity

A

the cavity within the pelvic region (pelvis)

40
Q

superior

A

upper / above/ toward the head

41
Q

inferior

A

lower/below/ toward the feet

42
Q

anterior(ventral)

A

forth/in front of

43
Q

posterior - dorsal

A

back/ in back of

-the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord -

44
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

45
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body (toward the side )

46
Q

proximal

A

nearest the trunk of the body

nearest the point of origin of a body part

47
Q

distal

A

farther away from the trunk of the body .

farther away from the point of origin of a body part .

48
Q

superficial

A

nearer to the body’s surface

49
Q

deep

A

farther away from the body’s surface

50
Q

sagittal

A

a length wise cut that extends from front to back

51
Q

midsagittal

A

a sagittal cut in the exact midline .

divides the body or brain into equal and symmetrical L&R portions

52
Q

frontal (coronal)

A

a length wise cut that extends from side to side

divides the body or parts of the body into front and back portions

53
Q

transverse (horizontal)

A

a crosswise cut

divides the body or parts of the body into upper and lower portions

54
Q

homeostasis

A

changes occur but the body has the ability to counteract the changes and maintain balance
ex: body
blood(temperature)
blood levels of glucose , electrolytes, and respiratory gases

55
Q

homeostatic control mechanisms

A

devices that maintain and restore homeostasis

56
Q

components : HCM(3)

A

sensor , control center , effector

57
Q

sensor

A

monitors a specific variable
detects any change that occurs with respect to that variable
if a change occurs, sends a signal to the control center (second component)

58
Q

control center

A

analyzes information concerning the change
-compares actual (what has occurred with respect to the specific variable) to set point ( where the variable should be)
if a significant change in the variable has occurred (means movement away from homeostasis , ) sends a signal to the effector ( third component)

59
Q

effector

A

produced an action that counteracts the change ( attempts to restore homeostasis)
sends a signal back to the sensor that communicates information about the action taken ( feedback)
example : how a thermostat controls room temperature

60
Q

negative feedback

A

produce an action that is opposite to the change that activates the mechanism (counteracts the change)
-most numerous and important of the HCM’s that operate in the body bc negative feedback HCM’s maintain homeostasis

61
Q

positive feedback

A

produce an action that is the same as the change that activates the the mechanism
-don’t maintain homeostasis, instead positive feedback HCM’s function to bring a body function to completion (as quickly as possible )

62
Q

examples of positive feed back ?

A

child birth
breast feeding
coagulation system
immune response

63
Q

parasagital:

A

vertical plane passing through the body or organ diving it into unequal sides .

Bio 210 Chap. 1 (1 decks)

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