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Biology Final: Term 1 > .... > Flashcards

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1
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area.

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3
Q

Community

A

assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area.

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4
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the organisms that live in a place together with their nonliving environment.

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6
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms.

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7
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

Physical or nonliving factor that shapes an ecosystem.

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8
Q

Autotroph

A

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; producer

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9
Q

Primary Producer

A

First producer of energy rich compounds that are later used by other organisms.

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10
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water to oxygen and carbohydrates.

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11
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; consumer.

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12
Q

Consumer

A

Organisms that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply.

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13
Q

Carnivore

A

Organism that obtains energy by eating animals.

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14
Q

Herbivore

A

Organism that obtains energy by eating plants.

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15
Q

Scavenger

A

Animal that consumes the carcasses of other animals.

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16
Q

Omnivore

A

Organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals.

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17
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

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18
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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19
Q

Ecological succession

A

Series of gradual changed that occur in a community following a disturbance.

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20
Q

Primary succession

A

Succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present.

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21
Q

Pioneer species

A

First species to populate an area during succession.

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22
Q

Secondary succession

A

Type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances.

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23
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; consumer

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24
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; producer

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25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water to oxygen and carbohydrates.

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26
Q

Pigment

A

Light-absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun’s energy.

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27
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

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28
Q

Thylakoid

A

Saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts.

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29
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside the thylakoids.

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30
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions

A

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

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31
Q

Light-Independent Reactions

A

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light energy from ATP and NAPTH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; Calvin cycle.

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32
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Structures that are inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function.

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33
Q

Embryology

A

Study of the developing embryo and how different species are similar.

34
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time.

35
Q

Allele frequency

A

Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.

36
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences that occur in the genome and results in an increased genetic diversity.

37
Q

Directional selection

A

Form of natural selection in which individuals at one end of a distribution curve have a higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve.

38
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Form of natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve.

39
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have a higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve.

40
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population.

41
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population.

42
Q

Founder effect

A

Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

43
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

Situation in which allele frequencies in a population remains the same.

44
Q

Sexual selection

A

When individuals select mates based on heritable traits.

45
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

46
Q

Speciation

A

Process in which new species are formed.

47
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Separation of a species or populations so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species

48
Q

Geographic isolation (allopatric)

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies.

49
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which two or more populations of species reproduce at different times.

50
Q

Evolution

A

Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

51
Q

Fossil

A

Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

52
Q

Biodiversity

A

Total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere.

53
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring.

54
Q

Hutton and Lyell

A

Two geologists who stated that earth has changed gradually over time and the changes we see today are the same changes that would have occurred previously and will continue to occur.

55
Q

Lamarck

A

French scientist who stated that organisms can acquire characteristics and have an inborn drive to improve.

56
Q

Malthus

A

Stated that human population will reach its peak in the 19th century and said that war, famine and disease will control population.

57
Q

Over-reproduction

A

Process in which breeding pairs produce more offspring than replaces them.

58
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in an environment.

59
Q

Fitness

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

60
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which organisms that are more suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.

61
Q

Common ancestor

A

An organism that all organisms derive from.

62
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of past and present distribution of organisms.

63
Q

Homologous structure

A

Structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry.

64
Q

Analogous structure

A

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure.

65
Q

Photosystem

A

Cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in the thylakoid of the chloroplast.

66
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

67
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it generating ATP.

68
Q

Biosphere

A

Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.

69
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

70
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it generating ATP.

71
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

72
Q

Epidermis

A

In plants, a single layer of cells that makes up dermal tissue.

73
Q

Meristem

A

Regions of unspecialized cells responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant’s lifetime.

74
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Group of unspecialized cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots.

75
Q

Root

A

Organ of the plan responsible for anchoring the plant s well as absorption of nutrients and water.

76
Q

Stem

A

Organ of the plant that contains vascular tissue and transports materials around the plant.

77
Q

Leaf

A

Organ of the plant primarily responsible for photosynthesis.

78
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant.

79
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that carrier nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant.

80
Q

Epidermis

A

In plants, a single layer of cells that makes up dermal tissue.

81
Q

Petiole

A

The thin stalk that connects the blade of the leaf to a stem.

Biology Final: Term 1 (1 decks)

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