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Jr A&P Special Senses > .. > Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the eye accessory organs & protection?

A

Protection: by eye orbit

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1
Q

What is the size of the eyeball

A

Inch. Water balloon consistency

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2
Q

What are the bones in the eye orbit?

A

Frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxillae, sphenoid, palatine

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3
Q

What are the muscles on the eye?

A

Medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, lateral rectus, levator palpabre, superior rectus, superior oblique

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4
Q

The eyelid?

A

Function of eyelid: protection, distribute tears around eye.

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5
Q

The eyelashes?

A

Functions of eyelashes: protection brush away severe and stuff near eye

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6
Q

The meibomian glands?

A

Function of meibomian glands: right under eyelashes secrete oily secretion. It is a sebatious gland. Lubrication of the eye. Protection for the eye.

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7
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Lining of inside of eyelids where eyeball sits. Light pink made up of skin. Eyelid inside is mucus membrane lining under eyelid. Lubricator, protector. Keeps eyeball moist. Fuses fuses with sclera. The sclera and conjunctiva become one.

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8
Q

What is the lacrimal glands?

A

Top lateral part of the eyeball. Glands. Secretes tears. Plasma from blood. Eyelid distributes it over eye. Secretes tears by duct. Function: cleaning, protection, kills, bacteria

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9
Q

What are the three layers if the eye?

A

Sclera/cornea
Choroid coat
Retina

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10
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Thickest outer most layer of the eye. White fibrous tissue covering posterior 5/6th eyeball. Tough. Keep shape we hold together. Muscle fibers attach. Cornea: anterior part of eye. Clear. Continuation of the sclera. 1/6th of eyeball. Tough. Avascular. No blood vessels which is why it’s clear. Lots of nerve endings will heal if hurt b/c of lymph. Full of lymph.

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11
Q

What is the choroid coat?

A

Very vascular. Deep burgundy red color. Lots of nutrition. Uveia provide nutrition blood and oxygen to eyeball. Makes eyeball dark inside. Refuses reflection in the eyeball. Anterior attachment of choroid coat to cillarary body. Humerus are made by the cillarary body. Gives fluids to keep chambers full. Attached to lens and iris.

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12
Q

What is the retina?

A

Inner most layer of the eye. Posterior part special photo receptor cells. Major accumulation of rods & cones are in macula lutea (dent) lies straight back from cornea and lens. Further away from the macula lutea the kore rods we get. Retina is clear.

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13
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Largest collection of cones were we see the best!

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14
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

Blind spot no photo receptor cells.

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15
Q

What is the very first organ we ever transplanted?

A

Cornea

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16
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

The process of making and draining tears.

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17
Q

What is the iris?

A

Lies under the cornea. Made up of muscles. Two sets of muscles that encircle the pupil. Circular muscles & radial muscles. Involuntary control. Smooth muscle. Muscles contract to make eye big or small. Contraction of circular muscles cause pupil constriction. Contraction of radial muscles cause pupil dilation.

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18
Q

What is the lens?

A

Bioconvex disk. Buldged on both sides. Transparent. Very flexible. Soft pliable. Can squish. Elastic. Crystalline structure lies behind iris and pupil. Function: light ones through focuses light in one particular place so we can see. Focuses on the retina.

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19
Q

What are the two chambers?

A

Aqueous

Vitreous

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20
Q

What is the aqueous chamber?

A

Anterior chamber: aqueous humer. Liquid in chambers. Clear thin watery comes from cillary body. Keeps bulge on cornea. This humer is Made throughout life

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21
Q

What is the vitreous chamber?

A

Inside part of the eyeball. Vitreous humer in chamber. Very viscous (not watery) thick. Jelly like. Clear. Made by cillarary body bad we age vitreous stops being produced.

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22
Q

What are photo receptors?

A

Rods: black and grey
Cones: blue green red

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23
Q

Examination of the eye

A

Ophthalmoscope=> look into the eye

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24
Q

Vision pathway

A

Light enters eye through cornea=> aqueous humor=> lens=> vitreous humor=> retina (rods & cones)=> axon or optic nerve=> thalamus=> visual cortex of occipital lobe.

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25
Q

Craziest thing about vision.

A

The image comes through on retina it’s upside down, small, left is right right is left then the occipital love has to decifer the picture and flip it back.

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26
Q

Accommodation

A

Eyes ability to focus up close ( changing bulge of lens.)

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27
Q

Refracted

A

Bent

28
Q

What is nearsighted?

A

The light focuses on near retina not on.

29
Q

How many colors do we see?

A

We see 10 million different shades of colors

30
Q

Eustachian tube?

A

Connects ear to nose. There to equalize pressure.

31
Q

Tympanic membrane?

A

Can see through, pearly. Eardrum.

32
Q

Endolymph?

A

Moving firs organ of corti stimulation

33
Q

What is the ear?

A

Inner part of temporal bone. Houses hearing and balance. Ear Continues to grow throughout life

34
Q

What is the ceremonious gland?

A

Produces earwax (cerumin) mucus oily secretion. Earwax in external auditory canal for protection. Most common cause of hearing loss is impacted cerumin.

35
Q

What is the external ear?

A

Funnel. catches sound sends through canal. Pinna or auricle: a vascular but blood vessels in skin provide the nutrition and oxygen function: catches sound waves Pinna connects to external auditory canal. Inch and a half long s-shaped. External auditory meatus. Covered in mucus membrane modified sebaceous/ mucus gland. Catches sound waves through Pinna or auricle send through EAC causes vibrating of ear drum. Hair lines canal- sweep cerumin out.

36
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Starts at eardrum. 3 bones. Totally responsible for hearing. Chamber filled with air. Tympanic membrane to oval window. 3 bones: malleus incus stapes. It’s air filled because the bones vibrate and it wouldn’t work in anything else. Malleus: attached to the tympanic membrane most outer
Incus: attached at the malleus. Middle bone
Stapes: attached to inner ear at oval window most inner bone.

Incus

37
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

Fluid filled chamber partially responsible for hearing and balance. Hairs present. They are not actually bones they are indents/impressions inside temporal bone. Lined with mucus membrane and hair. Fluid in the chambers maze of bony chambers vestibule: oval and round window. Located most lateral part of inner ear. Connector. Connects inner ear to test of ear. Cochlea lined with mucus membrane hair cells filled with liquid this is our organ for hearing. Hair cells stimulate auditory nerve.

38
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Organ for hearing.

39
Q

What is the semi circular canals?

A

Helps us balance

40
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Hair cells

41
Q

What breaks of hair cells?

A

Loud music and loud noises.

42
Q

What are the two senses in smell and taste?

A

Olfactory and gustatory

43
Q

Olfactory:

A

(smell) nasal cavity. Superior made up of ethmoid bone. Crib inform plate olfactory nerves fall through holes. Hard and soft pallet make up lower nasal cavity. Chemoreceptors are in the mucus membrane. Olfactory nerve is from cranial nerve. Mucus makes odors liquid. Olfactory nerves tire out. Same with auditory nerves. Cerebral cortex continues to receive but no seance in listening I it all the time.

44
Q

How many smells can the average nose smell?

A

4,000 different odors

45
Q

Gustatory:

A

(Taste) tastebuds(papillae)=> single nerve ending little bump. Nerve ending in side taste bud saliva turns food to liquid.

46
Q

Flow chart of taste?

A

Chemical in food or drink=> mixed with liquid=>. Gustatory chemoreceptors=> cranial nerve VII (facial) cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) & cranial nerve X ( vagus). =>. Cerebral cortex (post central gurus of parietal love.

47
Q

How much greater is our sense if smell than our taste?

A

10,000 x more sophisticated than taste most of our taste comes from smell

48
Q

Cheeks and soft pallet?

A

has papillae too

49
Q

Chemical senses

A

In order for nerve endings to work they got to be in a chemical solution.

50
Q

What is stabismus?

A

Cross eyed. Etiology: muscles that pull eye medically are to tight or short. Eyes don’t coordinate

51
Q

Otitis externa

A

Inflammation of external ear or infection of external auditory canal. Aka swimmers ear. Red swollen. Dx: looking through otoscope s&s pain red fever tx: ear drops antibiotics

52
Q

Serius

A

Fluid accumulation

53
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection in the middle ear. Tx: have to do antibiotics through mouth or injection. Hearing issues. Dx: look in ear s&s: pain swelling fever etiology: bacterial or viral. S&s: depend on location pain feeling of fullness vertigo fever tx: antibiotic Px: good with treatment if left untaken care of possible meningitis

54
Q

What is otitis interna

A

(Labyrinthitis) inflammation of inner ear. S&s: unsteady dizzy nausea feel drunk membrane inflamed makes more lymph hearing issues tx: antibiotics through mouth or im Dx: patient history

55
Q

What is oral candidiasis?

A

(Thrush) fugal infection of mouth caused by overgrowth of yeast organism caries albicans. Usually begins on tounge an inside if cheeks. And may spread to palate gums tonsils and throat tx: antibiotic that you swish in mouth.

56
Q

Geographic tounge

A

Bothersome condition with possible viral etiology. Signs if a viral infection run it’s course.

57
Q

What is black hairy tounge.

A

Uncommon swollen papillae turn black aka: liguanigra. Viral almost always related to some other disease.

58
Q

Macular degeneration.

A

Deterioration of the macula lutea normally old people. Can be genetic. Blindness things start blacking out. Dx: grid. Tx: medication try to reduce damage but can’t cure. Will die blind probably.

59
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

Normal vision

60
Q

What is a astigmatism?

A

Cornea is bumpy light being projected in several different spots tx: surgery glasses

61
Q

What is color blindness?

A

Cones that are not working genetic almost always men.

62
Q

What is isihara?

A

Helps to diagnose color blindness

63
Q

Optic illusions?

A

Image projected onto retina then to occipital lobe past images make you see what you seen then you focus and can see other images.

64
Q

What is presbycusus?

A

Hearing impairment as we get older hair cells broken off over a period of time.

65
Q

What is Ménière’s disease?

A

Disorder of inner ear affecting hearing and balance. S&s vertigo loss of hearing. Tinnitus in ear. To much fluid. Swelling part of canal. Etiology: unknown. Dx: r/o other pathologies tx: no cure just try to reduce pressure in ear and treating symptoms. Young persons disease.

66
Q

Pupillary light reflex?

A

Constriction in response to light. We use this in medicine to check for shock increased cranial pressure. It won’t work diagnostic tools in er and office.

67
Q

What is the semicircular canals

A

Impression inside bone fluid filled mucus membrane hair cells nerves stimulate balance equilibrium

Jr A&P Special Senses (2 decks)

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