. Flashcards
What is an igneous rock? One example.
Formed when molten rock from the mantle cools down and hardens. An example is granite.
What is a sedimentary rock? Two examples
Formed when layers of sediment are compacted together until they become rock solid. Carboniferous limestone and chalk
What is a metamorphic rock? One example
When igneous and sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Slate
What is weathering?
Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces (mechanical, chemical or biological)
What is erosion?
Erosion wears away rock by rivers, sea or weather
What is hydraulic action?
Waves crash against rock and compress air in the cracks putting pressure on rock. Repeats widening cracks and eventually bits of rock break off
What is Abrasion?
Eroded particles in water scrape and rub against the rock, removing small pieces
What is attrition?
rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded
What is mechanical weathering?
Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition
What is chemical weathering?
Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition
What is biological weathering?
Breakdown of rock by living things
Destructive waves
High, steep and 10-14 waves per minute. Backwash is more powerful than swash
Constructive waves
6-8 waves per minute, low wave height. Stronger swash than backwash
Headlands order of erosion
Cracks, cave, arch, collapsed material, stack and stump
Example of a named coast
Holderness
What coastal defences are at Holderness coastline and what named location?
Groynes built at Mappleton
What is hard engineering. Examples
Man made structures to reduce flooding and erosion. Sea wall and groynes
What is soft engineering. Examples
more sustainable and natural approach to manage coastal erosion. Beach replenishment
What is traction?
Large particles like boulders pushed along the river bed by force of water
What is suspension?
Small particles like clay carried along by the water
What is saltation?
Pebble sized particles bounced along river bed by force of water
What is solution?
Sea water dissolves certain types of rocks
What is deposition?
When the river drops eroded material when its transporting
How do waterfalls form?
When a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by soft rock. Softer rock is eroded more than hard rock. Keeps eroding more soft rock eventually causing a huge drop to form called a waterfall. Hard rock is also eventually eroded so collapses creating a plunge pool. More undercutting causes more collapsing creating a gorge
What is a levee?
Levees are natural embankments along the edges of a river channel
Is urban inner city or outer city
Inner city e.g. London
Which sectors are declining and which ones are rising?
Primary and secondary are declining. Tertiary and Quaternary are rising
Examples of primary sector
Farming, mining, oil production
Examples of secondary sector
Construction, car building
Examples of tertiary sector
Hairdressers, banks, supermarkets
Examples of Quaternary sector
IT specialists, computing, programmers
What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
A company based in one country can invest money in a different country
Has FDI increased or decreased over time?
Increased in the UK, from £726bn in 2010 to £2000bn in 2021
What is Globalisation?
Globalisation is the process of countries becoming more integrated/interconnected
What is free trade policy?
Reduce import snd export restictions, making it easier for countries to trade
What is a transnational corporation?
Production of goods or services in more than one country
Why do migrants move to London?
To work and to study for higher paying salaries
What is quantitative data?
Numerical data e.g. scale -2 to 2
What is Qualitative data?
Information that can’t be measured e.g. opinions
