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Gcse Geography Topic 4 5 6 > . > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an igneous rock? One example.

A

Formed when molten rock from the mantle cools down and hardens. An example is granite.

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2
Q

What is a sedimentary rock? Two examples

A

Formed when layers of sediment are compacted together until they become rock solid. Carboniferous limestone and chalk

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3
Q

What is a metamorphic rock? One example

A

When igneous and sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Slate

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4
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces (mechanical, chemical or biological)

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5
Q

What is erosion?

A

Erosion wears away rock by rivers, sea or weather

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6
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Waves crash against rock and compress air in the cracks putting pressure on rock. Repeats widening cracks and eventually bits of rock break off

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7
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Eroded particles in water scrape and rub against the rock, removing small pieces

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8
Q

What is attrition?

A

rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded

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9
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

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10
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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11
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock by living things

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12
Q

Destructive waves

A

High, steep and 10-14 waves per minute. Backwash is more powerful than swash

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13
Q

Constructive waves

A

6-8 waves per minute, low wave height. Stronger swash than backwash

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14
Q

Headlands order of erosion

A

Cracks, cave, arch, collapsed material, stack and stump

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15
Q

Example of a named coast

A

Holderness

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16
Q

What coastal defences are at Holderness coastline and what named location?

A

Groynes built at Mappleton

17
Q

What is hard engineering. Examples

A

Man made structures to reduce flooding and erosion. Sea wall and groynes

18
Q

What is soft engineering. Examples

A

more sustainable and natural approach to manage coastal erosion. Beach replenishment

19
Q

What is traction?

A

Large particles like boulders pushed along the river bed by force of water

20
Q

What is suspension?

A

Small particles like clay carried along by the water

21
Q

What is saltation?

A

Pebble sized particles bounced along river bed by force of water

22
Q

What is solution?

A

Sea water dissolves certain types of rocks

23
Q

What is deposition?

A

When the river drops eroded material when its transporting

24
Q

How do waterfalls form?

A

When a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by soft rock. Softer rock is eroded more than hard rock. Keeps eroding more soft rock eventually causing a huge drop to form called a waterfall. Hard rock is also eventually eroded so collapses creating a plunge pool. More undercutting causes more collapsing creating a gorge

25
Q

What is a levee?

A

Levees are natural embankments along the edges of a river channel

26
Q

Is urban inner city or outer city

A

Inner city e.g. London

27
Q

Which sectors are declining and which ones are rising?

A

Primary and secondary are declining. Tertiary and Quaternary are rising

28
Q

Examples of primary sector

A

Farming, mining, oil production

29
Q

Examples of secondary sector

A

Construction, car building

30
Q

Examples of tertiary sector

A

Hairdressers, banks, supermarkets

31
Q

Examples of Quaternary sector

A

IT specialists, computing, programmers

32
Q

What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

A

A company based in one country can invest money in a different country

33
Q

Has FDI increased or decreased over time?

A

Increased in the UK, from £726bn in 2010 to £2000bn in 2021

34
Q

What is Globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the process of countries becoming more integrated/interconnected

35
Q

What is free trade policy?

A

Reduce import snd export restictions, making it easier for countries to trade

36
Q

What is a transnational corporation?

A

Production of goods or services in more than one country

37
Q

Why do migrants move to London?

A

To work and to study for higher paying salaries

38
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical data e.g. scale -2 to 2

39
Q

What is Qualitative data?

A

Information that can’t be measured e.g. opinions

Gcse Geography Topic 4 5 6 (1 decks)

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