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Urine And Fluid Balance > . > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of waste products from the body

Waste products include urea and uric acid.

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2
Q

List the main components of the urinary system.

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?

A

Filter blood and produce urine.

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4
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Carry waste from kidneys to the bladder.

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5
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Stores urine until excretion.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the urethra?

A

Expels urine from the bladder.

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7
Q

Define homeostasis in the context of the urinary system.

A

Regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body.

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8
Q

What are nitrogenous wastes that the urinary system eliminates?

A
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
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9
Q

How does the urinary system regulate blood pH?

A

By controlling the concentration of hydrogen ions.

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10
Q

What is erythropoietin and its function?

A

Stimulate red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels.

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11
Q

What does renin regulate?

A

Blood pressure and fluid balance via the renin-angiotensin system.

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12
Q

What is fluid balance?

A

Regulating the amount of water in the body.

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13
Q

What is the size and shape of the kidneys?

A

Bean-shaped organs, approximately 11 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.

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14
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

In the upper abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal, extending from T12 to L3 vertebrae.

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15
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding each kidney.

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16
Q

What does the adipose capsule do?

A

Provides cushioning and support for the kidneys.

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17
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

A concave fissure on the medial border for entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves.

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18
Q

What does the renal sinus contain?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Part of the urinary system
  • Adipose tissue
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19
Q

What are the two major regions of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Cortex
  • Renal Medulla
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20
Q

What structures are found in the renal medulla?

A
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal columns
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21
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

Filters blood and regulates blood pressure and volume.

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22
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A knot of capillaries specialized for filtration.

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23
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Highly modified cells forming the inner layer of the glomerular capsule.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.

A

Nephron

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25
Q

What are the three major processes of urine production?

A
  • Filtration
  • Tubular Absorption
  • Tubular Secretion
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26
Q

What is the filtration membrane?

A

Allows some substances to pass from the blood into the Bowman capsule.

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27
Q

What influences filtration pressure?

A
  • Glomerular capillary pressure
  • Blood protein concentration
  • Pressure in the Bowman capsule
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28
Q

True or False: A decrease in blood volume leads to a decrease in urine production.

A

True

29
Q

What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism?

A

A hormonal mechanism that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

30
Q

What role does ADH play in the urinary system?

A

Regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys.

31
Q

What triggers the release of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?

A

Increased blood pressure in the right atrium.

32
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

33
Q

Describe the micturition reflex.

A

Triggered by bladder stretching, leading to bladder contraction and urination.

34
Q

What is the difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A
  • ICF: Lies within cells, makes up about 60% of body water.
  • ECF: Fluid outside cells, accounts for one-third of body water.
35
Q

What percentage of total body water is made up by intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

About 60 percent

ICF lies within cells and is crucial for cellular function.

36
Q

What is the primary role of interstitial fluid?

A

Acts as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and cells

Interstitial fluid is a component of extracellular fluid (ECF).

37
Q

What is osmosis?

A

A process where water moves from a fluid with a higher water concentration to a fluid with a lower water concentration.

38
Q

What is the composition of plasma (intravascular fluid)?

A

Rich in sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, and proteins

Plasma constitutes about 20% of ECF.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: The extracellular fluid (ECF) accounts for ______ of the body’s water content.

A

One third

40
Q

What are the three primary mechanisms involved in regulating extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A
  • Renal System
  • Hormonal Control
  • Thirst Mechanism
41
Q

True or False: The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating ECF composition.

A

True

42
Q

What happens during glomerular filtration?

A

Blood is filtered in the glomeruli, removing waste products and excess fluid.

43
Q

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

ADH is released in response to increased blood concentration.

44
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention and blood volume.

45
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

Between 7.35 and 7.45

46
Q

Define acidosis.

A

Blood pH falls below 7.35.

47
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffer system’s role in pH maintenance?

A

Helps maintain blood pH by binding or releasing H⁺ ions.

48
Q

What are the physiological effects of acidosis?

A
  • Confusion
  • Drowsiness
  • Coma
  • Reduced myocardial contractility
  • Arrhythmias
49
Q

What is the maximum acidity level urine can achieve compared to blood?

A

Up to 1000 times more acidic.

50
Q

What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation leading to CO₂ retention.

51
Q

Name one example of a condition that can cause metabolic alkalosis.

A

Vomiting or excess antacid use.

52
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance?

A

Remove excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) and produce bicarbonate (HCO₃-).

53
Q

What is the primary composition of intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

Elevated amounts of potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein.

54
Q

Fill in the blank: The thirst mechanism is triggered by increased blood ______ or decreased blood volume.

A

Osmolality

55
Q

What is the main fluid intake recommendation per day?

A

2500 ml of water

56
Q

What are the three compartments of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A
  • Plasma
  • Interstitial Fluid
  • Transcellular Fluid
57
Q

What characterizes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation leading to CO₂ loss.

58
Q

What are the components of the phosphate buffer system?

A
  • H⁺ binding to form H₂PO₄
  • H⁺ release when pH increases
59
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

A progressive lung disease that obstructs airflow and makes breathing difficult

COPD is often caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke.

60
Q

Name one cause of inadequate breathing.

A

Asthma

Asthma is a condition characterized by narrowing and inflammation of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing.

61
Q

What are the symptoms of inadequate breathing?

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Confusion or drowsiness
  • Headache
  • Cyanosis
  • Rapid or shallow breathing

Cyanosis is a bluish skin condition due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.

62
Q

What is the primary treatment for inadequate breathing?

A

Improve ventilation

This can include oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.

63
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

A condition where the blood becomes too basic (alkaline) due to an excess of bicarbonate or a loss of acids

Metabolic alkalosis can result in serious health issues if not addressed.

64
Q

What is one cause of metabolic alkalosis?

A

Prolonged vomiting

Prolonged vomiting leads to a loss of stomach acid, contributing to the alkalosis.

65
Q

What are the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Muscle twitching or cramps
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Lightheadedness
  • Confusion
  • Irregular heartbeat

These symptoms can vary in severity based on the degree of alkalosis.

66
Q

What is the primary treatment for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Correct the underlying cause

This may involve replacing lost fluids or electrolytes.

67
Q

True or False: Excessive bicarbonate can lead to metabolic alkalosis.

A

True

Overuse of antacids or bicarbonate supplements can increase alkalinity in the blood.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: Muscle twitching or cramps can be a symptom of _______.

A

[metabolic alkalosis]

69
Q

What condition can result from altered buffering mechanisms in the body?

A

Life-threatening conditions

Disruption in the acid-base balance can lead to serious health issues if not corrected.

Urine And Fluid Balance (1 decks)

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