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OddkekekekdkdkkdkckkckcdoeBiology S2 EOYode > . > Flashcards

. Flashcards

1
Q

How many different nutrients are there?

A

7

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2
Q

What are the 7 different nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, fibre, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water

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3
Q

What are 3 foods that contain carbohydrates?

A

Pasta bread and rice

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4
Q

What are 3 foods that contain fats?

A

Butter, bacon and oil.

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5
Q

What are 3 foods that contain protein?

A

Chicken, eggs and fish

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6
Q

What are foods that contain vitamins?

A

Fruit and vegetables.

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7
Q

What are 3 foods that contain water?

A

Water, watermelon and pineapple.

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8
Q

What are 3 foods that contain fibre?

A

Whole grains, fruit and vegetables.

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9
Q

What are 3 foods that contain minerals?

A

Water, fruits and vegetables.

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10
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet is when you have the correct amount of the seven nutrients in your body.

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11
Q

Why do we need food?

A

For energy, growth and repair, body heat, for defending our body against disease and for movement.

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12
Q

What is the use of starches (carbohydrates)?

A

Slow releasing energy

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13
Q

What is the use of fats?

A

Energy and insulation

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14
Q

What is the use of protein?

A

Growth and repair

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15
Q

What are 3 foods that contain vitamin A?

A

Eggs, carrots and broccoli.

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16
Q

What are 3 foods that contain vitamin C?

A

Kiwis, oranges and strawberries.

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17
Q

What are 3 foods that contain vitamin D?

A

Salmon, mackerel and sardines.

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18
Q

What are 3 foods that contain calcium?

A

Milk, cheese and bread.

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19
Q

What are three foods that contain iron?

A

Bread, flour and meat.

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20
Q

When does malnutrition occur?

A

Malnutrition occurs when the diet does not supply us with the correct quantity of each of the seven nutrients.

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21
Q

What is a deficiency disease?

A

A deficiency disease is a disease caused by a lack of a particular nutrient in the diet.

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22
Q

What is kwashiorkor cause by and what are its symptoms?

A

Kwashiorkor is caused by a lack of protein and its symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy.

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23
Q

What is scurvy caused by and what are its symptoms?

A

Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C and its symptoms are being tired and weak, bruising easily bleeding gums and anaemia.

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24
Q

What is rickets caused by and what are its symptoms?

A

Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D or calcium and its symptoms are soft, deformed bones.

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25
Q

What are eye disorders caused by and what are its symptoms?

A

Eye disorders are caused by a lack of vitamin A and its symptoms are severe eye pain or irritation, double vision, severe headaches, nausea or vomiting.

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26
Q

What is anaemia caused by and what are it symptoms?

A

Anaemia is caused by a lack of iron and its symptoms are paleness and tiredness.

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27
Q

When testing for starch (carbohydrate) what chemical do we use?

A

Iodine Solution.

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28
Q

When testing for glucose (reducing sugar) what chemical do we use?

A

Benedict’s solution.

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29
Q

When testing for fat what chemical do we use?

A

Mix a few drops of fat with ethanol/water.

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30
Q

When testing for protein what chemical do we use?

A

Biurets solution.

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31
Q

What is the colour change for the test for starch?

A

Red brown to blue black.

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32
Q

What is the colour change for the test for glucose (reducing sugar)?

A

Blue to orange.

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33
Q

What is the colour change for the test for fat?

A

Colourless to cloud white emulsion

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34
Q

What is the colour change for the test for protein?

A

Blue to violet.

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35
Q

How many different types of teeth do we have and what are they’re names?

A

Incisors, canines, pre molars, and molars.

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36
Q

When all of your teeth have grown how many should you have?

A

32 in total.

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37
Q

How many incisors should you have top and bottom jaw?

A

8 in total.

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38
Q

How many canines should you have top and bottom jaw?

A

4 in total

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39
Q

How many pre molars should you have top and bottom jaw?

A

8 in total.

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40
Q

How many molars should you have top and bottom jaw?

A

12 in total.

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41
Q

What is the function of the incisors?

A

Teeth for slicing and cutting.

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42
Q

What is the function of the canines?

A

Teeth for ripping and tearing.

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43
Q

What is the function of the pre molars?

A

Teeth for crushing and grinding.

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44
Q

What is the function of the molars?

A

Teeth for crushing and grinding.

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45
Q

What type of teeth would a herbivore (eat plants) have?

A

Incisors, pre molars and molar.

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46
Q

What type of teeth would a carnivore (eats meat) have?

A

Large canines, incisors and specialised carnassial teeth (modified molars).

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47
Q

What type of teeth would an omnivore (eats everything) have?

A

Incisors, canines, pre molars, and molars.

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48
Q

Is rice soluble

A

No

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49
Q

Is bread soluble?

A

No

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50
Q

Is flour soluble

A

No

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51
Q

What is the use of sugar (carbohydrates)?

A

Fast releasing energy

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52
Q

Is sugar soluble?

A

Yes

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53
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the process by which large insoluble molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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54
Q

What is the digestive system made up of?

A

The digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal, a long muscular tube running from the mouth to the anus.

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55
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

The stomach has layers of muscle that contracts and relax and cause it to churn the food. This mixes the food with many digestive juices.

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56
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is very long and its inner wall is highly folded presenting a large surface area for absorption. The small intestine also has many blood vessels into with the products of digestion which pass so that they can be taken around the body ti all cells. These are called villi.

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57
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, proteins and starches.

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58
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

The liver plays an important role in the digestive system and processing of food molecules that have been absorbed. The liver also produces bile.

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59
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile breaks down large fat droplets into small tiny droplets that are easier to digest.

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60
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver. The gallbladder also produces a substance that neutralises stomach acid.

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61
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine absorbs water from the remaining undigested food. This unwanted waste material is called faeces.

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62
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance on which an enzyme acts.

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63
Q

What is the active site?

A

The spot on the enzyme molecule where the catalytic activity takes place.

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64
Q

Proteins are broken down by what enzymes?

A

Protease.

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65
Q

Starch is broken down by which enzyme?

A

Amylase.

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66
Q

Fats are broken down by which enzyme?

A

Lipase.

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67
Q

What is the product of broken down starch?

A

Maltose.

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68
Q

What are the products of broken down fats?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids.

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69
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which green plants are able to produce their own food.

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70
Q

Why are leaves thin?

A

This helps carbon dioxide get from the bottom of the leaf to the the top of the leaf for photosynthesis.

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71
Q

Why are leaves wide?

A

A large surface area helps to absorb more light energy.

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72
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen.

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73
Q

What is the waxy cuticle?

A

A waxy waterproof covering on the upper epidermis.

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74
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

Transparent to let light through and protects inner layers.

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75
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis?

A

Contains stomata to allow gas exchange.

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76
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll cells?

A

Primary site of photosynthesis.

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77
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Loosely arranged within air spaces or let CO2 and O2 move into and out of cells.

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78
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Pores which allow gas exchange and water loss.

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79
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Change their shape to open and close the stomata.

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80
Q

Where are the cells found in the leaf?

A

Below the upper epidermis.

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81
Q

What shape are the palisade mesophyll cells and what shape are the spongy mesophyll cells?

A

The palisade mesophyll cells are box shaped and the spongy mesophyll cells are irregularly shaped.

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82
Q

Do palisade mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts?

A

Yes, many chloroplasts.

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83
Q

Where abouts are green plants on the food chain?

A

Green plants are found at the beginning of the food chain.

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84
Q

When testing a leaf for starch, why was the leaf boiled in water for 1 min?

A

To kill the leaf and break down the cell wall.

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85
Q

When testing a leaf for starch, what happened to the alcohol after the leaf had been boiled in it?

A

The leaf slowly loses its green colour.

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86
Q

When testing a leaf for starch, why was the leaf placed in hot water after boiling in alcohol?

A

To soften the leaf.

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87
Q

When testing a leaf for starch, what happens to the iodine solution when it was added to the leaf?

A

It had blue/black stains.

88
Q

What substance is present in a leaf?

A

Starch

89
Q

Do plants need light to make starch?

A

Yes.

90
Q

If you were to cover part of a leaf with a black card and you tested it for starch why wouldn’t the covered part turn blue/black?

A

The light can’t reach the chlorophyll, so the plant cant photosynthesise.

91
Q

If a plant didn’t absorb carbon dioxide would starch be present?

A

No.

92
Q

If a plant absorbed carbon dioxide would starch be present?

A

Yes

93
Q

Does a plant need carbon dioxide to make starch?

A

Yes.

94
Q

What are variegated leaves?

A

Leaves which are not completely green and some parts don’t contain chlorophyll.

95
Q

If you were to test a variegated leaf for starch which parts would turn blue black?

A

Only the green parts because they contain chlorophyll not the white parts which don’t.

96
Q

Is starch present in the white area of the variegated leaf?

A

No.

97
Q

Is starch present in the green part of a leaf?

A

Yes.

98
Q

Is chlorophyll necessary for plants to make starch?

A

Yes.

99
Q

What do green plants take in from the air?

A

Carbon dioxide.

100
Q

What do plants take in from the soil through their roots?

A

Water.

101
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

102
Q

What do the plants use glucose for?

A

Some glucose provides energy for growth and reproduction. Remaining surge molecules are linked into long chains and packed together into starch and stored in the cell cytoplasm.

103
Q

Starch is called a ————— carbohydrate
e. Fill in the blank

A

Storage

104
Q

Cellulose is called a ———— carbohydrate
E. Fill in the blank.

A

Structural

105
Q

Where does water enter the plant and where does it move to within the plant?

A

The water enters through the roots and moves upwards to the leaves.

106
Q

Where does carbon dioxide enter the plant?

A

Through the stoma/stomata.

107
Q

What is the name of the important by-product of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

108
Q

What is the name of the product of photosynthesis that is useful to the plant?

A

Glucose.

109
Q

What is the name of the storage carbohydrate that plants use as a store of energy?

A

Starch.

110
Q

What is the name of the structural carbohydrate that plants use to make plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose.

111
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A green pigment in chloroplasts that trap light energy.

112
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.

113
Q

What is starch?

A

A carbohydrate that is used as an energy store in plant cells.

114
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A carbohydrate that is used to make cell walls.

115
Q

What is glucose?

A

Simple sugar made by photosynthesis.

116
Q

What is a green plant called in a food chain?

A

A producer.

117
Q

What does each arrow indicate in a food chain?

A

The direction of energy flow.

118
Q

Which way do arrows point from in a food chain?

A

From Food to feeder.

119
Q

Why are green plants called producers?

A

Because they produce their own food in photosynthesis.

120
Q

What can primary consumers eat?

A

Only green plants.

121
Q

What do secondary consumers eat?

A

Primary consumers.

122
Q

What do tertiary consumers eat?

A

Secondary consumers.

123
Q

What are primary consumers?

A

Herbivores that eat producers.

124
Q

What are secondary consumers?

A

Carnivores that eat herbivores/primary consumers.

125
Q

What do omnivores eat?

A

Plant and animal material.

126
Q

Predators eat other animals called what?

A

Prey.

127
Q

What percentage of energy is lost from each link in a food chain?

A

90%

128
Q

Give 3 reasons why 90% of energy is lost from each link in a food chain?

A

Warmth, movement and undigested food.

129
Q

What percentage of energy is passed on in each link of a food chain?

A

10%

130
Q

In a food chain, what is the energy passed on by each link of a food chain used for?

A

Only 10% is used for growth and ends up in the next organism tissue.

131
Q

What is a pyramid of numbers?

A

A pyramid of numbers is a diagram showing the number of organisms at each stage of a food chain.

132
Q

What happens to the number of organisms as you move up the food chains?

A

The number of organisms at each link decreases but the size of the individual organisms increases.

133
Q

What is a pyramid of energy?

A

A pyramid of energy is a diagram showing the energy content at each stage of a food chain.

134
Q

What is a producer?

A

A green plant which makes food by photosynthesis.

135
Q

What is a predator?

A

An animal that hurts and kills other animals for its food supply.

136
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A way of showing what organisms eat, showing the flow of food and energy from one organism to the next.

137
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

An animal that only feeds on plant material.

138
Q

What is a consumer?

A

An organism that must eat other organisms as food for energy. They cannot make their own food.

139
Q

What is a food web?

A

A series of linked food chains showing the feeding relationships in a habitat.

140
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

An animal that feeds on other animal material only.

141
Q

What is prey?

A

An animal that is hunter by other animals.

142
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid part of blood (mainly water) which carries the blood cells.

143
Q

What are all the different types of blood cells and particles called?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

144
Q

What is the pigment in red blood cells called?

A

Hemoglobin.

145
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen.

146
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

To destroy bacteria and foreign particles eg:viruses.

147
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help blood clot and reduce bleeding.

148
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes.

149
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria.

150
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies which destroy viruses.

151
Q

Why must the antibodies be SPECIFIC to the virus?

A

The antibodies (produced by the lymphocytes) must be specific to the virus in order to disable it.

152
Q

Antibodies have specific complementary ———— ——— for only one type of foreign particle eg: virus.

A

Binding sites.

153
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines allow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure.

154
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body.

155
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle.

156
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

157
Q

What type of blood is found in the right side of the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood.

158
Q

What type of blood is found in the left side of the heart?

A

Oxygenated blood.

159
Q

Name the blood vessel taking blood from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta.

160
Q

Name the blood vessel taking blood from the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary artery.

161
Q

Name the blood vessel taking blood from the body to the heart?

A

Vena cava.

162
Q

Name the blood vessel taking blood to the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein.

163
Q

Why is the muscular wall of the left side of the heart more thicker than the right side?

A

The left sides muscular wall is more thick because it has to pump blood to the rest of the body whereas the right side only has to pump blood as far as the lungs.

164
Q

How does the fitness of a person determine their resting heart rate?

A

In general the fitter the person the lower their resting heart rate.

165
Q

What is bad about a very high pulse rate?

A

It’s unhealthy and can lead to a heart disease or a stroke.

166
Q

What is your pulse rate?

A

How many times your heart beats in a minute.

167
Q

What is your resting heart rate?

A

Your pulse rate when your body is at rest.

168
Q

How do you measure your pulse rat (low-tech)?

A

Using a stop watch and fingertips or stethoscope.

169
Q

How do you measure your pulse rate (high-tech)?

A

Pulseometer or heart rate monitor linked to a computer.

170
Q

What is the effect of exercise on heart rate?

A

Exercising muscles require more oxygen. Therefore the heart has to pump faster to transport oxygen. Exercising causes your heart rate and breathing rate to increase.

171
Q

What are the 3 different types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries.

172
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

173
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood back to the heart.

174
Q

Why do veins contain valves?

A

Prevent back flow of the blood.

175
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Form a network between arteries and veins.

176
Q

What do arteries look like?

A

Thick muscular walls, a narrow central channel and carry blood under high pressure.

177
Q

What do veins look like?

A

Thinner walls, a wider central channel and carry blood under low pressure.

178
Q

What do capillaries look like?

A

Thin walls only one cell thick narrow central channel, large surface area, forming networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of materials.

179
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated blood.

180
Q

What would happen if your coronary arteries got blocked?

A

The heart muscle would not be supplied with oxygen and glucose and the patient would have a heart attack.

181
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure of the blood in arteries.

182
Q

How do you measure blood pressure (low tech)?

A

A stethoscope and mercury manometer.

183
Q

How do you measure blood pressure (high tech)

A

A digital sphygmomanometer.

184
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

It’s the pressure when the heart beats and pumps blood into the arteries.

185
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

It’s a pressure when the heart relaxes and fills with blood between beats.

186
Q

What can high blood pressure cause?

A

Heart attack or stroke.

187
Q

What can low blood pressure cause?

A

Dizziness, fainting.

188
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

Inflates to take air into the body and deflates to remove air from the body.

189
Q

What is the function of the windpipe(teachea)?

A

Allows air to flow from the mouth or node towards the lungs.

190
Q

What is the function of the bronchus/ bronchi (plural)?

A

The 2 branches which join the windpipe to the lungs.

191
Q

What is the function of the bronchioles?

A

Branches from the bronchi which leads to the air sacs.

192
Q

What is the function of the air sacs (alveoli)?

A

Allows oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide to pass from the blood to the lungs.

193
Q

What is the function of the ribs?

A

Shields or protects the lungs from damage.

194
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

At the air sacs in the lungs.

195
Q

What are the features of an air sac?

A

Large surface area: there are many tiny air sacs surrounded by a dense capillary network to absorb much oxygen, thin walled; the air sac and capillary are one cell thick to allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood easily, air sacs have a moist surface to allow diffusion of gases across their walls.

196
Q

What is your breathing rate?

A

It’s the number of breathes you take in 1 minute.

197
Q

What can effect the differences between people’s breathing rate?

A

Age(faster in young people who are more active), gender (woman’s in average are slightly lower), fitness (usually the lower in fitter, healthier people).

198
Q

What is the effect of exercise on breathing rate?

A

Exercise causes faster, deeper breathing, increases gas exchange in lungs, to get more oxygen to muscles and get rid of waste carbon dioxide.

199
Q

What is your recovery time?

A

The time required after exercise for rate and depth or breathing to return to normal.

200
Q

What does a short recovery time indicate?

A

High fitness.

201
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath.

202
Q

How can tidal volume be affected?

A

Body size, age, gender and level of fitness.

203
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

It’s a measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can breath out after having taken in as deep a breath as possible.

204
Q

Vital capacity is about ———— times the tidal volume. Fill in the blank.

A

Eight.

205
Q

What can decrease vital capacity?

A

Lung diseases.

206
Q

How can vital capacity be affected?

A

Body size( the larger the person the greater the vital capacity), age (reaches a maximum at age 25), gender (lower in woman), fitness (increases with level of fitness).

207
Q

How do you measure your vital capacity (low tech)?

A

Take in as deep a breath as possible. Place the tube in your mouth and breathe out as much as you can. Use the scale to measure your vital capacity.

208
Q

How do you measure your vital capacity (high tech)?

A

Spirometer.

209
Q

What is peak flow?

A

The maximum speed that you can blow air out of your lungs.

210
Q

What is the point in measuring someone’s peak flow?

A

To check the state of a patients airways.

211
Q

What is asthma?

A

A respiratory condition in which the bronchioles become constricted making breathing difficult causing asthma.

212
Q

Why might someone with asthma have a lower peak flow than someone without it.

A

Someone with Asthma cannot force air out of their lungs as quickly as a non sufferer.

213
Q

How can Asthma be caused?

A

By an allergic reaction to dust mites, pollen, animal fur, wheat, peanuts and also nervous tensions.

214
Q

How can asthma be treated?

A

Using an inhaler that relaxes the muscles in the airways to open the tubes wider or by avoiding thing that cause an allergy.

215
Q

How do you measure peak flow?

A

Using a peak flow meter.

216
Q

What is the product of broken down protein?

A

Amino acids.

OddkekekekdkdkkdkckkckcdoeBiology S2 EOYode (1 decks)

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