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1
Q

what do tropical storms need to form

A

27 degrees sea temperatures
deep sea
low altitude

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2
Q

how do tropical storms form

A

-air over warm tropical oceans is heated this warm air rises in low pressure conditions
-as the air moves upwards it brings more air and moisture from oceans
resulting in strong winds
-coriolis effect takes place
-the evaporated moisture condenses as it moves upwards and cools
-as it cools more moisture is drawn up from below
-large clouds form and there is large volumes of rainfall
-winds move it towards land where it stops growing energy from water

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3
Q

does climate change effect tropical storms

A

-temperature increases so there is rise in sea levels which means there are higher storm surges
-temperature increases so air can hold more moisture which means there is increased rainfall and more severe floods

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4
Q

features of tropical storms

A

eye
eye wall

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5
Q

typhoon haiyan (tropical storm) primary and secondary effects

A

primary-6100 people dead , 4.1 million homeless , $12 billion damage
secondary-shortages of food and water led to disease , sewage contaminated surface and ground water

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6
Q

typhoon haiyan (tropical storm) immediate and long term responses

A

immediate-800 thousand people evacuated and 1200 centres set up to help homeless
long term-thousands of homes built away from flood prone areas and aid agencies replaced fishing boats

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7
Q

tropical storms (planning protection prediction monitoring)

A

planning-storm shelters
protection-storm shutters
prediction-hurricane prediction centres
monitoring-satellites

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8
Q

what causes weather hazards in the uk

A

depressions not passing over as normal

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9
Q

what happens because of weather hazards in the uk

A

-travel disrupted
-increased heating costs

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10
Q

weather hazards (strong winds)

A

-tail ends of hurricanes
-damage to power lines
-fallen trees

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11
Q

weather hazards (drought)

A

-extended period of low rainfall
-damages crops

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12
Q

weather hazards uk (thunderstorms)

A

-heavy rainfall and wind
-flash flood damages infrastructure

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13
Q

weather hazard uk (extreme rainfall and flooding)

A

-travel and infrastructure affected
-storm surges
-flash flood occurs

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14
Q

Beast from the east (social impacts)

A

10 people dead
thousands of schools closed
NHS cancelled all non-urgent operations

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15
Q

beast from the east (economic impacts)

A

cost the uk economy £1billion a day
transport closures impacted tourism and trade

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16
Q

beast from the east (environmental impacts)

A

-cold reduced insect population causing food shortages for birds
-extensive snowfall led to snow droughts

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17
Q

beast from the east (management)

A

-red weather warning issued by met office
-4000 snow plough/gritters cleared roads
-military provided support rescuing vehicles

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18
Q

evidence for climate change

A

-increase in global temperature
-decrease in sea ice levels
-decrease in land ice

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19
Q

effects of climate change

A

-ice melting means loss of habitats for polar bears and seals
-high levels of extinction in amazon rainforest
-increased flooding
-increase in mosquitoes meaning increase in malaria

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20
Q

natural causes of climate change

A

-sunspots
-volcanic activity
-orbital changes
-tilt of earth

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21
Q

human causes of climate change

A

fossil fuel use
agriculture
deforestation

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22
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

natural event that has a social impact

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23
Q

tectonic hazards

A

-volcanos
-tsunamis
-earthquake

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24
Q

why do people live near hazards

A

family
dont want to leave
fertile land
jobs
language barrier to moving

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25
Q

what is climate change leading to

A

climate change is leading to more flooding and more extreme weather events

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26
Q

where do convection currents happen

A

in mantle

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27
Q

destructive plate margin

A

———><———

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28
Q

conservative plate margin

A

^ /
/ /
/ /
/ down

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29
Q

constructive plate margin

A

<———————>

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30
Q

what happens when destructive plate meet

A

-dense oceanic plate is subducted
-as oceanic plate moves down into hot mantle it gets recycled as magma
-this new magma is less fluid and can form volcanoes on the continental plate
-friction between rubbing plates can lead to earthquakes

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31
Q

what happens when constructive plates meet

A

-plates move away from each other and magma reaches the surface and us cooked to form new rock
-on land this can create a rift vallet
-lava may flow long distances before cooling and forming shield volcanoes

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32
Q

Nepal (earthquake) primary and secondary effects

A

primary-8600 people dead , 3 million homeless , $5 billion damage
secondary- landslides were triggered which blocked roads , 19 people died on mount everest due to avalanches

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33
Q

Nepal (earthquake) immediate and long term responses

A

immediate-India and china provided $1 billion of aid , temporary housing was provided
long term- stricter building codes introduced , £73 million donated by uk

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34
Q

L,Aquila (earthquake) primary and secondary effects

A

primary-309 people dead , 65000 made homeless , $1.1 billion damage
secondary-reduction in tourism , aftershocks triggered landslides

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35
Q

L’Aquila (earthquake) immediate and long term responses

A

immediate- hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people , Italian red cross was searching for survivors
long term-residents did not have to pay tax in 2010 , buildings and infrastructure rebuilt

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36
Q

volcanos (planning protection prediction monitoring)

A

planning-evacuation plans and emergency shelters
protection-explosives can be used to change direction of lava
prediction-there is some advanced warning
monitoring- temperature of water and gases being released and changes in local gravity

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37
Q

earthquakes (planning protection prediction)

A

planning-fasten down furniture and map areas to see what is affected
protection-earthquake proof buildings
prediction-very hard to predict

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38
Q

what affects the worlds weather

A

pressure belts and climate cells affect the worlds weather

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39
Q

what happens at the equator

A

at equator sun energy is at a 90 degree angle so there is strong heating affect

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40
Q

what happens at the poles

A

-the angle is lower so the same energy is spread out and has a lower heating effect

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41
Q

what causes seasonal changes

A

tilt of earth and rotation causes seasonal changes in the position of cells
-move north in summer
-move south in winter

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42
Q

where are hurricanes formed

A

Atlantic and eastern pacific

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43
Q

where are cyclones formed

A

indian ocean and south pacific

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44
Q

where do typhoons form

A

west of the north pacific ocean

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45
Q

climate change mitigation strategies

A

-international agreements- 2015 paris climate agreement
-replanting trees
-alternative energy sources like wind turbines and solar pannels

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46
Q

adapting to climate change

A

managed water supplies
-desalination plants
pumps in villages
-irrigation system
New crops
-drought/pest resistant

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47
Q

reducing risk of climate change

A

thames barrier
coastal defences
homes built higher up

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48
Q

what happens in the nutrient cycle

A

decomposers make make the nutrients available again for living things to use

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49
Q

tropical rainforest

A

close to the equator
low pressure
high rainfall
high temperature
half of the worlds known species of animal and plant life

50
Q

Deserts

A

north/south of the equator
close to tropics if capricorn and cancer
high pressure
low rainfalk
high day time temperature
low night time temperature

51
Q

Hard engineering (rivers)

A

dams and reservoirs- regulate water flow
-expensive
-can flood area
-tourist attractions
-can control downstream flooding
flood relief channels -man made alternate route for river to prevent flooding
straightening-speeds up flow of water to protect vulnerable areas
-may lead to downstream flooding

52
Q

soft engineering strategy (river)

A

flood warning - gives an advanced warning on potential flood
-not everyone will listen or people dont have access to warning system
planting trees-reduction in surface run off

53
Q

banbury flood management (social)

A

A361 is no longer affected by flooding reducing transport disruptions for locals

54
Q

banbury flood management (environmental)

A

100,000 tonnes of earth required to make embankment

55
Q

banbury flood management (economic)

A

cost £18 million
440 houses protected from flooding

56
Q

Interlocking spurs (river erosion)

A

river close to source cannot cut through land so it has to go around it

57
Q

waterfalls

A

softer rocks are more easily eroded leading to ‘steps’

58
Q

gorges

A

formed by the gradual moving backwards of a waterfall

59
Q

oxbow lake

A

as meanders move the necks may end up close to each other and join up

60
Q

Floodplains

A

-wide flat areas to either side of river mean very fertile soil

61
Q

Levees

A

raised river bed mainly found on lower coarse of river

62
Q

Estuary

A

-deposition of material
mudflow
salt marshes

63
Q

Factors that affect flood risk (physical)

A

levels of precipitation
rock type
steepness of slope

64
Q

factors that affect flood risk (human)

A

building on floodplains
deforestation

65
Q

what is lagtime

A

time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

66
Q

base flow

A

normal flow of river

67
Q

how are beaches formed

A

formed by deposits of sand and stone

68
Q

what type of beach does constructive waves form

A

sandy

69
Q

what type of beach does destructive waves form

A

pebble

70
Q

sand dunes

A

form around obstacles
sand deposits form embryo sane dune
plants start to grow which stabilises the sane dune

71
Q

long profile of a river

A

gradient of river from source to mouth
volume and velocity of water increases as you go downstream

72
Q

cross profile

A

goes from narrow to wider

73
Q

fluvial process

A

depositing , transporting and erosion of matter by a river

74
Q

constructive waves

A

low waves
gentle wave front
deposits large amounts of sand

75
Q

destructive waves

A

storms
close together
spills backwash

76
Q

cliffs collapse due to different types of weathering (physical)

A

freeze thaw
salt water

77
Q

cliffs collapse due to different types of weathering (chemical)

A

acid rain

78
Q

cliffs collapse due to different types of weathering (biological)

A

plants and roots

79
Q

hydraulic action (coastal erosion)

A

changes in air pressure , air is trapped and forced into joints/holes and suddenly released

80
Q

Abrasion

A

sand and stones being thrown ay the cliff and happens lower down on the cliff

81
Q

attrition

A

pebbles colliding with each other as they moved along
smaller and rounder

82
Q

longshore drift

A

if a wave hits at an angle sediment moves up at an angle but the backwash is direct to the sea leaving sand behind

83
Q

caves-arches-stacks-stumps

A

hydraulic action forms caves
waves make the cave longer until it becomes an arch
continuous erosion of arch until it collapses creating stacks and stumps

84
Q

layers of rainforest and what is found there

A

top canopy-fast growing trees
middle canopy-animals adapted to living in trees
lower canopy-shrubs rodents and buttress roots

85
Q

characteristics of rainforest

A

warm
wet
infertile soil
rainfall will quickly wash away nutrients

86
Q

why can plants survive in the rainforest

A

plants can only survive with this poor soil because of rapid cycle of nutrients

87
Q

plant adaptations of the rainforest

A

plants have shallow roots
canopy protects soil from erosion

88
Q

animals in the rainforest adaptations

A

Toucans have specialised beaks to break nuts

89
Q

clearing of rainforest

A

commercial farming
mineral extraction
logging-to make trees into wood or paper
roads-trees cleared for buildings
energy

90
Q

negative effects of deforestation

A

loss of biodiversity
climate change
soil erosion
decline of tribes

91
Q

positives of deforestation

A

-jobs
-taxes
-homes
-infrastructure

92
Q

management strategies of the rainforest

A

international agreements
debt reduction
selective logging
ecotourism

93
Q

characteristics of deserts

A

extreme temperatures
soil does not have organic matter

94
Q

adaptations of plants in the desert

A

long tap roots to reach ground water
leaves adapted to reduce water loss

95
Q

what is desertification

A

land gradually turning into desert

96
Q

causes of desertification

A

climate change means an increase in temperature and decrease in rain leading to droughts
overgrazing-all vegetation eaten
overcultivation-exhausting soil fertility

97
Q

reducing desertification

A

tree planting - roots bind and protects soil
stone walks to prevent soil washing away
shrub planting will stop soil erosion

98
Q

Western desert opportunities (mineral extraction)

A

many elements are extracted for example coal and rare elements

99
Q

western desert opportunities (tourism)

A

many tourists visit natural attractions such as the grand canyon
-las vegas attracts over 31 million visitors

100
Q

western desert opportunities (farming)

A

commercial farming takes place
-irrigation canals used for large scale agricultures

101
Q

western desert opportunities (energy)

A

enough solar energy is being produced to power 100,000 homes

102
Q

western desert challenges (water)

A

precipitation levels are very low
Hoover Dam constructed for drinking water

103
Q

western desert challenges (inaccessibility)

A

access is very limited
one of the only major links is route 66

104
Q

western desert challenges (temperature)

A

can exceed 49 degrees
leads to rapid evaporation and shortage of water

105
Q

how are animals adapted to desert

A

camals have double eyelashes to protect themselves from sand
fennec fox have light coloured fur to reflect sunlight and keep their bodies cool

106
Q

saltation (coastal erosion)

A

bouncing motion of particles too heavy to suspend

107
Q

suspension (coastal erosion)

A

particles suspended in water

108
Q

Traction (coastal erosion)

A

rolled pebbles

109
Q

Nutrient cycle

A

the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter

110
Q

Meanders

A

a winding looping curve in the coarse of a river on soft flat flood plain

111
Q

waterfalls

A

soft rock erodes more quickly undercutting hard rock which over hangs and eventually collapses , fallen rock goes into lunge pool

112
Q

tributary

A

stream or river that flows into a larger river

113
Q

sea wall

A

reflects the force if waves back towards sea
-expensive
-ugly
-waves can erode it

114
Q

drainage basin

A

An area drained by a major river and its tributaries

115
Q

Gabions

A

wire cages full of rocks
-cheap
unattractive

116
Q

groynes

A

built into sea to trap sediment and prevent it from being washed away
-expensive
-unattractive
-can create erosion down the coast

117
Q

what are bars

A

longshore drift causes spit to grow across a bay trapping a lake causing waves to deposit sediment due to friction with seabed

118
Q

what are spits

A

Thin lines of sand deposited by long long shore drift , strong winds cause curve behind spit , salt marshes may form

119
Q

wave cut platform

A

a flat area of rock of a cliff created by cliff retreat

120
Q

what is a headland

A

a cliff that sticks out into sea and is surrounded by water on three sides
form along discordant coastlines

121
Q

what is a bay

A

a low lying inlet of land on the coast

geography paper 1 (1 decks)

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